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La résistance du virus du SIDA aux inhibiteurs nucléosidiques de la transcriptase inverse (reverse transcriptase ou RT) (NRTI) est devenue un problème crucial dans le traitement des patients traités par ces molécules. Dès lors, l’étude des phénomènes de résistance par des tests phénotypiques et génotypiques devient un moyen indispensable pour la prise en charge des patients. La connaissance du métabolisme des NRTI dans les lignées cellulaires utilisées dans les tests phénotypiques, s’avère nécessaire puisque ces médicaments sont des pro-drogues et doivent être métabolisés à l’intérieur de la cellule pour donner la forme active.
Dans cette étude, nous avons abordé le métabolisme intracellulaire de deux NRTI, AZT et 3TC dans les lignées cellulaires CEM, H9 et MT4.
Nos résultats ont montré que l’activité thymidine kinase (TK) qui assure la première étape de phosphorylation de l’AZT est élevée dans les MT4. La première étape dans le métabolisme de 3TC est assurée par la désoxycytidine kinase (dCK) dont l’activité est élevée dans les CEM.
AZT a montré une accumulation de AZT-monophosphate (AZT-MP) dans toutes les lignées cellulaires utilisées. Ceci montre un déficit enzymatique et probablement une affinité moindre pour AZT lors de sa tranformation en AZT-triphosphate (AZT-TP).
3TC a montré une accumulation de 3TC-diphosphate (3TC-DP) dans les cellulesMT4 et H9. Dans les cellules CE¨, 3TC a montré un métabolisme similaire aux nucléosides naturels Viral resistance to nucleosidic inhibitors of reverse transcriptase (NRTI) became a crucial problem in the treatment of the patients treated with these molecules. Consequently, the study of the resistance by phenotypical and genotypical tests becomes an essential tool for the management of these patients. The NRTI metabolism in different cell lines used in phenotypical tests must be known, since these drugs are pro-drugs and must be metabolized inside the cell to give the active form.
In this study, we evaluated the intracellular metabolism of two NRTI, zidovudine (AZT) and lamivudine (3TC), in the cell lines CEM, H9 and MT4.
Our results showed that the activity of thymidine kinase (TK) which ensures the first phosphorylation stage of the AZT is highest in the MT4. The first stage in the metabolism of 3TC is ensuerd by the deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) whose activity is highest in the CEM.
AZT showed an accumulation of AZT-monophosphate (AZT-MP) in all cell lines used. This shows an enzymatic deficit and probably a lesser affinity for AZT at the times of its transformation into AZT-triphosphate (AZT-TP). 3TC showed an accumulation of 3TC-diphosphate (3TC-DP) in the MT4 and H9 cell lines. In the CEM cells, 3TC showed a metabolism similar to natural nucleosides

HIV Infections --- T-Lymphocytes --- Anti-Retroviral Agents --- Zidovudine --- Lamivudine --- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome --- Sarcoma, Kaposi --- Interferon Type I --- Zidovudine --- drug therapy --- drug therapy --- therapeutic use --- therapeutic use

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In 2015, the first pharmaceutical cocrystal was approved by the FDA. Since then, the number of cocrystals on the market and in the development pipeline has been slowly but steadily growing. It is now well established that cocrystals are a versatile new approach to oral drug formulation. This Reprint Book is a collection of articles that show the utility of pharmaceutical cocrystals and various aspects of cocrystal research: • Cocrystals as a strategy to modify the physicochemical properties of a drug such as dissolution behaviour, tabletability, and melting point; • Development of new coformers; • Screening studies for multiple cocrystal forms; • Cocrystals in nano-sized drug delivery.

Research & information: general --- nitazoxanide --- cocrystals --- multicomponent crystals --- dissolution behavior --- supersaturated formulations --- crystallization inhibitors --- drug-polymer interactions --- nano co-crystals --- crystal engineering --- polydispersity index --- zeta potential --- particle size --- zidovudine --- lamivudine --- HIV/AIDS --- sonochemistry --- imidazole N-oxides --- barbituric acid --- thiobarbituric acid --- pharmaceutical cocrystals --- mechanochemistry --- solid state NMR --- X-ray Diffraction --- design of experiments --- Quality by Design --- cocrystal --- compaction --- nanoindentation --- slip plane --- tabletability --- surface topology --- interparticulate bonding area --- interparticulate bonding strength --- nefiracetam --- solid state --- solubility --- dissolution rate --- stability --- formulation --- diclofenac sodium --- L-proline --- salt cocrystal --- multicomponent crystal --- monohydrate --- tetrahydrate --- dissolution --- itraconazole --- terephthalic acid --- crystal structure --- solid-state --- thermal analysis --- wettability --- n/a

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In 2015, the first pharmaceutical cocrystal was approved by the FDA. Since then, the number of cocrystals on the market and in the development pipeline has been slowly but steadily growing. It is now well established that cocrystals are a versatile new approach to oral drug formulation. This Reprint Book is a collection of articles that show the utility of pharmaceutical cocrystals and various aspects of cocrystal research: • Cocrystals as a strategy to modify the physicochemical properties of a drug such as dissolution behaviour, tabletability, and melting point; • Development of new coformers; • Screening studies for multiple cocrystal forms; • Cocrystals in nano-sized drug delivery.

Research & information: general --- nitazoxanide --- cocrystals --- multicomponent crystals --- dissolution behavior --- supersaturated formulations --- crystallization inhibitors --- drug-polymer interactions --- nano co-crystals --- crystal engineering --- polydispersity index --- zeta potential --- particle size --- zidovudine --- lamivudine --- HIV/AIDS --- sonochemistry --- imidazole N-oxides --- barbituric acid --- thiobarbituric acid --- pharmaceutical cocrystals --- mechanochemistry --- solid state NMR --- X-ray Diffraction --- design of experiments --- Quality by Design --- cocrystal --- compaction --- nanoindentation --- slip plane --- tabletability --- surface topology --- interparticulate bonding area --- interparticulate bonding strength --- nefiracetam --- solid state --- solubility --- dissolution rate --- stability --- formulation --- diclofenac sodium --- L-proline --- salt cocrystal --- multicomponent crystal --- monohydrate --- tetrahydrate --- dissolution --- itraconazole --- terephthalic acid --- crystal structure --- solid-state --- thermal analysis --- wettability --- nitazoxanide --- cocrystals --- multicomponent crystals --- dissolution behavior --- supersaturated formulations --- crystallization inhibitors --- drug-polymer interactions --- nano co-crystals --- crystal engineering --- polydispersity index --- zeta potential --- particle size --- zidovudine --- lamivudine --- HIV/AIDS --- sonochemistry --- imidazole N-oxides --- barbituric acid --- thiobarbituric acid --- pharmaceutical cocrystals --- mechanochemistry --- solid state NMR --- X-ray Diffraction --- design of experiments --- Quality by Design --- cocrystal --- compaction --- nanoindentation --- slip plane --- tabletability --- surface topology --- interparticulate bonding area --- interparticulate bonding strength --- nefiracetam --- solid state --- solubility --- dissolution rate --- stability --- formulation --- diclofenac sodium --- L-proline --- salt cocrystal --- multicomponent crystal --- monohydrate --- tetrahydrate --- dissolution --- itraconazole --- terephthalic acid --- crystal structure --- solid-state --- thermal analysis --- wettability

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Epstein shows the extent to which AIDS research has been a social and political phenomenon and how the AIDS movement has transformed biomedical research practices through its capacity to garner credibility by novel strategies.

AIDS (Disease) --- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome --- Politics --- Research --- Patient Care --- Probability --- HIV Seropositivity --- Human Experimentation --- Communication --- Government --- Knowledge --- Patient Participation --- Zidovudine --- Federal Government --- Patient Compliance --- Patient Selection --- Public Policy --- Social Change --- Drug Industry --- Homosexuality --- Drugs, Investigational --- Research Design --- Uncertainty --- Dissent and Disputes --- Social Dominance --- Group Processes --- Professional Competence --- Life Style --- Research Personnel --- Research Subjects --- Science --- Pharmaceutical Preparations --- Biomedical Research --- Socioeconomic Factors --- Methods --- Slow Virus Diseases --- Persons --- Patient Acceptance of Health Care --- Health Services --- Mathematical Concepts --- Information Science --- Decision Making --- Thymidine --- Social Control Policies --- HIV Infections --- Investigative Techniques --- Consumer Participation --- Statistics as Topic --- Sexuality --- Interpersonal Relations --- Social Behavior --- Behavior --- Social Sciences --- Industry --- Sociology --- Therapeutics --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Educational Measurement --- Dideoxynucleosides --- Psychology, Social --- Health Behavior --- Patient Care Management --- Occupational Groups --- Humanities --- Organizations --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Population Characteristics --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Thinking --- Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral --- Deoxyribonucleosides --- Named Groups --- Attitude to Health --- Health Services Administration --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms --- Social Control, Formal --- Pyrimidine Nucleosides --- Epidemiologic Methods --- Sexual Behavior --- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes --- Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms --- Technology, Industry, and Agriculture --- Virus Diseases --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Lentivirus Infections --- Policy --- Reproductive Physiological Phenomena --- Community Health Services --- Phenomena and Processes --- Education --- Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services --- Consumer Organizations --- Mental Processes --- Nucleosides --- Delivery of Health Care --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Health Care --- Technology, Industry, Agriculture --- Sexually Transmitted Diseases --- Immune System Diseases --- Retroviridae Infections --- Diseases --- Public Health --- Reproductive and Urinary Physiological Phenomena --- Pyrimidines --- Quality of Health Care --- Psychological Phenomena and Processes --- Nucleic Acids, Nucleotides, and Nucleosides --- RNA Virus Infections --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring --- Environment and Public Health --- Heterocyclic Compounds --- Communicable Diseases --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Compounds, Heterocyclic --- Polycyclic Compounds --- Heterocyclic Cpds, 1-Ring --- 1-Ring Heterocyclic Compounds --- 1-Ring Heterocyclic Cpds --- Heterocyclic Compounds, 1 Ring --- Heterocyclic Cpds, 1 Ring --- Healthcare Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Infections, RNA Virus --- Infection, RNA Virus --- RNA Virus Infection --- Virus Infection, RNA --- Virus Infections, RNA --- Psychologic Processes --- Psychologic Processes and Principles --- Psychological Processes --- Phenomena, Psychological --- Processes, Psychologic --- Processes, Psychological --- Psychological Phenomenas --- Psychological Processe --- Pharmacy Audit --- Quality of Care --- Quality of Healthcare --- Audit, Pharmacy --- Care Qualities --- Care Quality --- Health Care Quality --- Healthcare Quality --- Pharmacy Audits --- Physiology, Reproductive and Urinary --- Reproductive and Urinary Physiological Phenomenon --- Reproductive and Urinary Physiology Concepts --- Reproductive and Urinary Physiology Phenomenon --- Reproductive and Urinary Tract Physiological Concepts --- Reproductive and Urinary Tract Physiological Phenomena --- Reproductive and Urinary Tract Physiological Phenomenon --- Reproductive and Urinary Tract Physiology --- Reproductive and Urinary Physiology --- Reproductive and Urinary Physiology Phenomena --- Community Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine & Public Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine and Public Health --- Health, Community --- Health, Public --- Preventive Medicine --- Education, Public Health Professional --- Infections, Retroviridae --- Infections, Retrovirus --- XMRV Infection --- Xenotropic MuLV-related Virus Infection --- Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-related Virus Infection --- Retrovirus Infections --- Infection, Retroviridae --- Infection, Retrovirus --- Infection, XMRV --- Infections, XMRV --- Retroviridae Infection --- Retrovirus Infection --- XMRV Infections --- Xenotropic MuLV related Virus Infection --- Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus related Virus Infection --- Diseases of Immune System --- Immune Diseases --- Immunological Diseases --- Immune Disorders --- Immunologic Diseases --- Disease, Immune --- Disease, Immune System --- Disease, Immunologic --- Disease, Immunological --- Diseases, Immune --- Diseases, Immune System --- Diseases, Immunologic --- Diseases, Immunological --- Disorder, Immune --- Disorders, Immune --- Immune Disease --- Immune Disorder --- Immune System Disease --- Immunologic Disease --- Immunological Disease --- STDs --- STIs --- Sexually Transmitted Infections --- Venereal Diseases --- Disease, Sexually Transmitted --- Disease, Venereal --- Diseases, Sexually Transmitted --- Diseases, Venereal --- Infection, Sexually Transmitted --- Infections, Sexually Transmitted --- STI --- Sexually Transmitted Disease --- Sexually Transmitted Infection --- Transmitted Infection, Sexually --- Transmitted Infections, Sexually --- Venereal Disease --- Venereology --- Reproductive Tract Infections --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Human Information Processing --- Information Processing, Human --- Organizations, Consumer --- Consumer Organization --- Organization, Consumer --- Healthcare Facilities, Manpower, and Services --- Activities, Educational --- Educational Activities --- Workshops --- Literacy Programs --- Training Programs --- Activity, Educational --- Educational Activity --- Literacy Program --- Program, Literacy --- Program, Training --- Programs, Literacy --- Programs, Training --- Training Program --- Workshop --- Students --- Community Healthcare --- Health Services, Community --- Services, Community Health --- Community Health Care --- Care, Community Health --- Community Health Service --- Community Healthcares --- Health Care, Community --- Health Service, Community --- Healthcare, Community --- Healthcares, Community --- Service, Community Health --- Public Health Administration --- Social Work --- Community Health Planning --- Reproductive Physiologic Concepts --- Reproductive Physiological Phenomenon --- Reproductive Physiological Process --- Reproductive Physiological Concepts --- Reproductive Physiological Processes --- Concept, Reproductive Physiologic --- Concept, Reproductive Physiological --- Concepts, Reproductive Physiologic --- Concepts, Reproductive Physiological --- Phenomena, Reproductive Physiological --- Phenomenon, Reproductive Physiological --- Physiologic Concept, Reproductive --- Physiologic Concepts, Reproductive --- Physiological Concept, Reproductive --- Physiological Process, Reproductive --- Physiological Processes, Reproductive --- Process, Reproductive Physiological --- Processes, Reproductive Physiological --- Reproductive Physiologic Concept --- Reproductive Physiological Concept --- Policies --- Infections, Lentivirus --- Infection, Lentivirus --- Lentivirus Infection --- Viral Diseases --- Viral Infections --- Virus Infections --- Disease, Viral --- Disease, Virus --- Diseases, Viral --- Diseases, Virus --- Infection, Viral --- Infection, Virus --- Infections, Viral --- Infections, Virus --- Viral Disease --- Viral Infection --- Virus Disease --- Virus Infection --- Healthcare Evaluation Mechanisms --- Evaluation Mechanism, Healthcare --- Evaluation Mechanisms, Healthcare --- Healthcare Evaluation Mechanism --- Mechanism, Healthcare Evaluation --- Mechanisms, Healthcare Evaluation --- Deficiency Syndrome, Immunologic --- Deficiency Syndromes, Antibody --- Deficiency Syndromes, Immunologic --- Immunologic Deficiency Syndrome --- Immunological Deficiency Syndromes --- Antibody Deficiency Syndrome --- Antibody Deficiency Syndromes --- Deficiency Syndrome, Antibody --- Deficiency Syndrome, Immunological --- Deficiency Syndromes, Immunological --- Immunological Deficiency Syndrome --- Syndrome, Antibody Deficiency --- Syndrome, Immunologic Deficiency --- Syndrome, Immunological Deficiency --- Syndromes, Antibody Deficiency --- Syndromes, Immunologic Deficiency --- Syndromes, Immunological Deficiency --- Antibodies --- Premarital Sex Behavior --- Sex Behavior --- Sex Orientation --- Sexual Activities --- Anal Sex --- Oral Sex --- Sexual Activity --- Sexual Orientation --- Activities, Sexual --- Activity, Sexual --- Behavior, Premarital Sex --- Behavior, Sex --- Behavior, Sexual --- Orientation, Sexual --- Sex, Anal --- Sex, Oral --- Sex --- Reproductive Behavior --- Epidemiologic Method --- Epidemiological Methods --- Methods, Epidemiologic --- Epidemiological Method --- Method, Epidemiologic --- Method, Epidemiological --- Methods, Epidemiological --- Epidemiology --- Nucleosides, Pyrimidine --- Regulation --- Social Control --- Control, Social --- Controls, Social --- Formal Social Control --- Formal Social Controls --- Regulations --- Social Controls --- Administration, Health Services --- Health Attitude --- Attitude, Health --- Attitudes, Health --- Health Attitudes --- Health, Attitude to --- Public Opinion --- Sexually Transmitted Disease, Viral --- Viral Sexually Transmitted Disease --- Viral Sexually Transmitted Diseases --- Viral Venereal Diseases --- Venereal Diseases, Viral --- Disease, Viral Venereal --- Diseases, Viral Venereal --- Venereal Disease, Viral --- Viral Venereal Disease --- Critical Thinking --- Thinking Skills --- Thought --- Thinking Skill --- Thinking, Critical --- Thoughts --- Healthcare Economics and Organizations --- Population Heterogeneity --- Population Statistics --- Characteristic, Population --- Characteristics, Population --- Heterogeneity, Population --- Population Characteristic --- Statistics, Population --- Non-Governmental Organizations --- Nongovernmental Organizations --- Organizations, Nongovernmental --- Non Governmental Organizations --- Non-Governmental Organization --- Nongovernmental Organization --- Organization --- Organization, Non-Governmental --- Organization, Nongovernmental --- Organizations, Non-Governmental --- Group, Occupational --- Groups, Occupational --- Occupational Group --- Occupations --- Care Management, Patient --- Management, Patient Care --- Behavior, Health --- Behaviors, Health --- Health Behaviors --- Healthy Lifestyle --- Health Promotion --- Social Psychology --- Psychologies, Social --- Social Psychologies --- ddNus --- 2',3'-Dideoxynucleosides --- Dideoxyribonucleosides --- 2',3' Dideoxynucleosides --- Educational Assessment --- Examination, Graduate Records --- Measurement, Educational --- Assessment, Educational --- Graduate Records Examination --- Assessments, Educational --- Educational Assessments --- Educational Measurements --- Examinations, Graduate Records --- Graduate Records Examinations --- Measurements, Educational --- Natural Sciences --- Physical Sciences --- Discipline, Natural Science --- Disciplines, Natural Science --- Natural Science --- Natural Science Discipline --- Physical Science --- Science, Natural --- Science, Physical --- Sciences, Natural --- Sciences, Physical --- Therapy --- Treatment --- Therapeutic --- Therapies --- Treatments --- Disease --- General Social Development and Population --- Tertiary Sector --- Industries --- Sector, Tertiary --- Sectors, Tertiary --- Tertiary Sectors --- Commerce --- Ethics, Business --- Science, Social --- Sciences, Social --- Social Science --- Acceptance Process --- Acceptance Processes --- Behaviors --- Process, Acceptance --- Processes, Acceptance --- Behavior, Social --- Behaviors, Social --- Social Behaviors --- Gender Issues --- Husband-Wife Communication --- Partner Communication --- Relations, Gender --- Gender Relations --- Social Interaction --- Communication, Husband-Wife --- Communication, Partner --- Communications, Husband-Wife --- Communications, Partner --- Gender Issue --- Gender Relation --- Husband Wife Communication --- Husband-Wife Communications --- Interaction, Social --- Interactions, Social --- Interpersonal Relation --- Issue, Gender --- Issues, Gender --- Partner Communications --- Relation, Gender --- Relation, Interpersonal --- Relations, Interpersonal --- Social Interactions --- Friends --- Emotional Intelligence --- Area Analysis --- Correlation Studies --- Correlation Study --- Correlation of Data --- Data Analysis --- Estimation Technics --- Estimation Techniques --- Indirect Estimation Technics --- Indirect Estimation Techniques --- Multiple Classification Analysis --- Service Statistics --- Statistical Study --- Statistics, Service --- Tables and Charts as Topic --- Analyses, Area --- Analyses, Data --- Analyses, Multiple Classification --- Analysis, Data --- Analysis, Multiple Classification --- Area Analyses --- Classification Analyses, Multiple --- Classification Analysis, Multiple --- Data Analyses --- Data Correlation --- Data Correlations --- Estimation Technic, Indirect --- Estimation Technics, Indirect --- Estimation Technique --- Estimation Technique, Indirect --- Estimation Techniques, Indirect --- Indirect Estimation Technic --- Indirect Estimation Technique --- Multiple Classification Analyses --- Statistical Studies --- Studies, Correlation --- Studies, Statistical --- Study, Correlation --- Study, Statistical --- Technic, Indirect Estimation --- Technics, Estimation --- Technics, Indirect Estimation --- Technique, Estimation --- Technique, Indirect Estimation --- Techniques, Estimation --- Techniques, Indirect Estimation --- Community Involvement --- Public Participation --- Community Action --- Consumer Involvement --- Action, Community --- Actions, Community --- Community Actions --- Community Involvements --- Consumer Involvements --- Involvement, Community --- Involvement, Consumer --- Involvements, Community --- Participation, Community --- Participation, Consumer --- Participation, Public --- Political Activism --- Patient Care Planning --- Investigative Technics --- Investigative Technic --- Investigative Technique --- Technic, Investigative --- Technics, Investigative --- Technique, Investigative --- Techniques, Investigative --- HIV Coinfection --- HTLV-III Infections --- HTLV-III-LAV Infections --- T-Lymphotropic Virus Type III Infections, Human --- Coinfection, HIV --- Coinfections, HIV --- HIV Coinfections --- HIV Infection --- HTLV III Infections --- HTLV III LAV Infections --- HTLV-III Infection --- HTLV-III-LAV Infection --- Infection, HIV --- Infection, HTLV-III --- Infection, HTLV-III-LAV --- Infections, HIV --- Infections, HTLV-III --- Infections, HTLV-III-LAV --- T Lymphotropic Virus Type III Infections, Human --- Control Policies, Social --- Control Policy, Social --- Policies, Social Control --- Policy, Social Control --- Social Control Policy --- 2'-Deoxythymidine --- Deoxythymidine --- 2' Deoxythymidine --- Decision Making, Shared --- Decision Makings, Shared --- Making, Shared Decision --- Makings, Shared Decision --- Shared Decision Making --- Shared Decision Makings --- Problem Solving --- Information Sciences --- Science, Information --- Sciences, Information --- Concept, Mathematical --- Concepts, Mathematical --- Mathematical Concept --- Services, Health --- Health Service --- Service, Health --- Acceptability of Healthcare --- Acceptors of Health Care --- Health Care Utilization --- Nonacceptors of Health Care --- Patient Acceptance of Healthcare --- Acceptability of Health Care --- Health Care Seeking Behavior --- Care Acceptor, Health --- Care Acceptors, Health --- Care Nonacceptor, Health --- Care Nonacceptors, Health --- Health Care Acceptability --- Health Care Acceptor --- Health Care Acceptors --- Health Care Nonacceptor --- Health Care Nonacceptors --- Healthcare Acceptabilities --- Healthcare Acceptability --- Healthcare Patient Acceptance --- Healthcare Patient Acceptances --- Utilization, Health Care --- Patient Satisfaction --- Person --- Disease, Slow Virus --- Diseases, Slow Virus --- Slow Virus Disease --- Virus Disease, Slow --- Virus Diseases, Slow --- Methodological Studies --- Methodological Study --- Procedures --- Studies, Methodological --- Study, Methodological --- Method --- Procedure --- Factors, Socioeconomic --- High-Income Population --- Inequalities --- Land Tenure --- Standard of Living --- Factor, Socioeconomic --- High Income Population --- High-Income Populations --- Inequality --- Living Standard --- Living Standards --- Population, High-Income --- Populations, High-Income --- Socioeconomic Factor --- Tenure, Land --- Economics --- Conservatism --- Decentralization --- Liberalism --- Political Factors --- Voting --- Political Activity --- Activities, Political --- Activity, Political --- Factor, Political --- Factors, Political --- Political Activities --- Political Factor --- Experimental Medicine --- Investigational Medicine --- Investigative Medicine --- Research, Biomedical --- Research, Medical --- Medical Research --- Medicine, Experimental --- Medicine, Investigational --- Medicine, Investigative --- Animals, Laboratory --- Pharmaceutic Preparations --- Pharmaceutical Products --- Preparations, Pharmaceutical --- Drugs --- Preparations, Pharmaceutic --- Products, Pharmaceutical --- Pharmacology --- Drug Dosage Calculations --- Sciences --- Human Subjects --- Human Subject --- Research Subject --- Subject, Human --- Subject, Research --- Subjects, Human --- Subjects, Research --- Investigator, Clinical --- Investigators --- Investigators, Clinical --- Survey Personnel --- Clinical Investigator --- Clinical Investigators --- Researchers --- Investigator --- Personnel, Research --- Personnel, Survey --- Researcher --- Life Style Induced Illness --- Lifestyle --- Life Styles --- Lifestyles --- Quality of Life --- Social Environment --- Generalization of Expertise --- Technical Expertise --- Competence, Professional --- Expertise Generalization --- Expertise, Technical --- Professionalism --- Group Meetings --- Group Process --- Group Thinking --- Group Meeting --- Group Thinkings --- Meeting, Group --- Meetings, Group --- Process, Group --- Processes, Group --- Thinking, Group --- Thinkings, Group --- Disputes --- Dissent --- Political Dissent --- Professional-Family Disagreement --- Professional-Patient Disagreement --- Disagreement, Professional-Family --- Disagreement, Professional-Patient --- Disagreements, Professional-Family --- Disagreements, Professional-Patient --- Dispute --- Disputes and Dissent --- Dissent, Political --- Professional Family Disagreement --- Professional Patient Disagreement --- Professional-Family Disagreements --- Professional-Patient Disagreements --- Civil Disorders --- Conflict (Psychology) --- Policy Making --- Consensus --- Dominance Hierarchy --- Dominance, Social --- Dominance Hierarchies --- Hierarchy, Dominance --- Data Adjustment --- Data Reporting --- Design, Experimental --- Designs, Experimental --- Error Sources --- Experimental Designs --- Matched Groups --- Methodology, Research --- Problem Formulation --- Research Methodology --- Research Proposal --- Research Strategy --- Research Technics --- Research Techniques --- Scoring Methods --- Experimental Design --- Adjustment, Data --- Adjustments, Data --- Data Adjustments --- Design, Research --- Designs, Research --- Error Source --- Formulation, Problem --- Formulations, Problem --- Group, Matched --- Groups, Matched --- Matched Group --- Method, Scoring --- Methods, Scoring --- Problem Formulations --- Proposal, Research --- Proposals, Research --- Reporting, Data --- Research Designs --- Research Proposals --- Research Strategies --- Research Technic --- Research Technique --- Scoring Method --- Source, Error --- Sources, Error --- Strategies, Research --- Strategy, Research --- Technic, Research --- Technics, Research --- Technique, Research --- Techniques, Research --- Clinical Trials Data Monitoring Committees --- Investigational Drugs --- Investigational New Drugs --- Drugs, Investigational New --- New Drugs, Investigational --- Drug Approval --- Laboratory Research --- Research Activities --- Research and Development --- Research Priorities --- Activities, Research --- Activity, Research --- Development and Research --- Priorities, Research --- Priority, Research --- Research Activity --- Research Priority --- Research, Laboratory --- Ethics, Research --- Homosexuality, Ego-Dystonic --- Ego-Dystonic Homosexuality --- Homosexuality, Ego Dystonic --- Sexual and Gender Minorities --- Industries, Pharmaceutic --- Industry, Drug --- Industry, Pharmaceutic --- Industry, Pharmaceutical --- Pharmaceutical Industry --- Drug Industries --- Industries, Drug --- Industries, Pharmaceutical --- Pharmaceutic Industries --- Pharmaceutic Industry --- Pharmaceutical Industries --- Modernization --- Social Development --- Social Impact --- Change, Social --- Changes, Social --- Development, Social --- Developments, Social --- Impact, Social --- Impacts, Social --- Social Changes --- Social Developments --- Social Impacts --- Migration Policy --- Population Policy --- Social Protection --- Social Policy --- Migration Policies --- Policies, Migration --- Policies, Population --- Policies, Public --- Policies, Social --- Policy, Migration --- Policy, Population --- Policy, Public --- Policy, Social --- Population Policies --- Protection, Social --- Public Policies --- Social Policies --- Research Subject Selection --- Selection for Treatment --- Selection of Subjects --- Patient Recruitment --- Research Subject Recruitment --- Selection Criteria --- Criteria, Selection --- Patient Recruitments --- Patient Selections --- Recruitment, Patient --- Recruitment, Research Subject --- Recruitments, Patient --- Recruitments, Research Subject --- Research Subject Recruitments --- Research Subject Selections --- Selection for Treatments --- Selection, Patient --- Selection, Research Subject --- Selections, Patient --- Selections, Research Subject --- Subject Recruitment, Research --- Subject Recruitments, Research --- Subject Selection, Research --- Subject Selections, Research --- Subjects Selection --- Subjects Selections --- Treatment, Selection for --- Treatments, Selection for --- Clinical Protocols --- Health Care Rationing --- Patient Non-Adherence --- Patient Non-Compliance --- Patient Nonadherence --- Therapeutic Compliance --- Treatment Compliance --- Patient Adherence --- Patient Cooperation --- Patient Noncompliance --- Adherence, Patient --- Compliance, Patient --- Compliance, Therapeutic --- Compliance, Treatment --- Compliances, Therapeutic --- Cooperation, Patient --- Non-Adherence, Patient --- Non-Compliance, Patient --- Nonadherence, Patient --- Noncompliance, Patient --- Patient Non Adherence --- Patient Non Compliance --- Therapeutic Compliances --- Treatment Compliances --- Treatment Refusal --- Directly Observed Therapy --- National Government --- Government, Federal --- 3'-Azido-2',3'-Dideoxythymidine --- 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine --- AZT Antiviral --- AZT, Antiviral --- BW A509U --- BWA-509U --- Retrovir --- AZT (Antiviral) --- Azidothymidine --- 3' Azido 2',3' Dideoxythymidine --- 3' Azido 3' deoxythymidine --- Antiviral AZT --- BWA 509U --- BWA509U --- Patient Activation --- Patient Empowerment --- Patient Engagement --- Patient Involvement --- Patient Participation Rates --- Activation, Patient --- Empowerment, Patient --- Engagement, Patient --- Involvement, Patient --- Participation Rate, Patient --- Participation Rates, Patient --- Participation, Patient --- Patient Participation Rate --- Refusal to Participate --- Epistemology --- Governments --- Communication Programs --- Communications Personnel --- Misinformation --- Personal Communication --- Communication Program --- Communication, Personal --- Personnel, Communications --- Program, Communication --- Programs, Communication --- Human Research Subject Protection --- Experimentation, Human --- Helsinki Declaration --- Bioethical Issues --- Embryo Research --- Fetal Research --- AIDS Seroconversion --- AIDS Seropositivity --- Anti-HIV Positivity --- HIV Antibody Positivity --- HIV Seroconversion --- HTLV-III Seroconversion --- HTLV-III Seropositivity --- AIDS Seroconversions --- AIDS Seropositivities --- Anti HIV Positivity --- Anti-HIV Positivities --- Antibody Positivities, HIV --- Antibody Positivity, HIV --- HIV Antibody Positivities --- HIV Seroconversions --- HIV Seropositivities --- HTLV III Seroconversion --- HTLV III Seropositivity --- HTLV-III Seroconversions --- HTLV-III Seropositivities --- Positivities, Anti-HIV --- Positivities, HIV Antibody --- Positivity, Anti-HIV --- Positivity, HIV Antibody --- Seroconversion, AIDS --- Seroconversion, HIV --- Seroconversion, HTLV-III --- Seroconversions, AIDS --- Seroconversions, HIV --- Seroconversions, HTLV-III --- Seropositivities, AIDS --- Seropositivities, HIV --- Seropositivities, HTLV-III --- Seropositivity, AIDS --- Seropositivity, HIV --- Seropositivity, HTLV-III --- HIV Seronegativity --- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome --- Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome --- AIDS --- Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Acquired --- Immunologic Deficiency Syndrome, Acquired --- Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome --- Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndromes --- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndromes --- Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome, Acquired --- Immuno-Deficiency Syndromes, Acquired --- Immunodeficiency Syndromes, Acquired --- Syndrome, Acquired Immuno-Deficiency --- Syndrome, Acquired Immunodeficiency --- Syndromes, Acquired Immuno-Deficiency --- Syndromes, Acquired Immunodeficiency --- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes --- HIV-1 --- AIDS Arteritis, Central Nervous System --- Probabilities --- Informal care --- Care, Patient --- Informal cares --- care, Informal --- cares, Informal --- Acquired immune deficiency syndrome --- Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome --- Acquired immunological deficiency syndrome --- HIV infections --- Immunological deficiency syndromes --- Virus-induced immunosuppression --- Social aspects --- epidemiology --- etiology. --- education --- deficiency --- methods --- organization & administration --- therapy --- United States --- Nucleoside Analogs --- Analogs, Nucleoside --- Pharmaceuticals --- Psychology, Perceptual --- Perceptual Psychology --- Sida --- Recherche --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Aspect moral --- Aspect social --- -#SBIB:316.334.3M20 --- #SBIB:316.334.3M10 --- #SBIB:35H436 --- #SBIB:002.IO --- -Social aspects --- -Sociale epidemiologie en etiologie: sociale aspecten van ziekte en gezondheid --- Medische sociologie: algemeen --- Beleidssectoren: welzijn, volksgezondheid en cultuur --- Immune System Disorders --- Disorder, Immune System --- Immune System Disorder --- Employee --- Employees --- Personnel --- Worker --- Workers --- Health-Related Behavior --- Behavior, Health-Related --- Behaviors, Health-Related --- Health Related Behavior --- Health-Related Behaviors --- Citizen Science --- Conflict, Psychological --- Affirmative Action --- Action, Affirmative --- Selection of Research Volunteers --- Research Volunteers Selection --- Research Volunteers Selections --- Volunteers Selection, Research --- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. --- Politics. --- Research. --- Duesberg, Peter. --- Gallo, Robert. --- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) --- National Institutes of Health (U.S.) --- United States. --- -Research --- -AIDS (Disease) --- SCIENCE --- POLITIQUE --- Aspect politique --- États-Unis --- activistes --- recherche --- Aspects sociaux --- Community organization --- History of human medicine --- Gallo, Robert C.