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By 2050, two-thirds of the world's population will live in cities, and the greatest growth in urban populations will take place in the least developed countries. This presents many governments with considerable challenges related to urban governance and the provision of services and opportunities to a burgeoning urban population. Among the concerns is that large youth bulges in urban centers could be a source of political instability and violence. Here, we assess this claim empirically using newly collected data on city-level urban social disorder, ranging from non-violent actions, such as demonstrations and strikes, to violent political actions, such as riots, terrorism, and armed conflict. The dataset covers 55 major cities in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa for 1960-2006. The study also utilizes a new United Nations Population Division dataset on urban populations by age and sex. The study further considers factors that could condition the effect of age structure, in particular the level of informal employment, economic growth, education, and gender imbalances. The analysis finds that large male youth bulges aged 15-24 are not generally associated with increased risks of either violent or non-violent social disturbance. Furthermore, the proxy measures of "youth exclusion" do not seem to increase the risk that large urban male youth bulges are associated with either form of disturbance. However, several other factors that may be associated with higher levels of youth exclusion - notably absence of democratic institutions, low economic growth, and low levels of secondary educational attainment - are significantly and robustly associated with increasing levels of urban social disturbance.

Adolescent Health --- Gangs --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Male youth --- Mortality --- Population Policies --- Rural youth --- Sex --- Social Development --- Unemployment --- Urban Development Policies and Strategies --- Urban Housing and Land --- Urban population --- Urban Youth --- Violence --- Wages --- Young males --- Young People --- Young persons --- Young populations --- Young women --- Youth and Government --- Youth groups --- Youth Movements --- Youth population --- Youth unemployment

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In this first social and cultural history of Japan's construction of Manchuria, Louise Young offers an incisive examination of the nature of Japanese imperialism. Focusing on the domestic impact of Japan's activities in Northeast China between 1931 and 1945, Young considers "metropolitan effects" of empire building: how people at home imagined and experienced the empire they called Manchukuo. Contrary to the conventional assumption that a few army officers and bureaucrats were responsible for Japan's overseas expansion, Young finds that a variety of organizations helped to mobilize popular support for Manchukuo-the mass media, the academy, chambers of commerce, women's organizations, youth groups, and agricultural cooperatives-leading to broad-based support among diverse groups of Japanese. As the empire was being built in China, Young shows, an imagined Manchukuo was emerging at home, constructed of visions of a defensive lifeline, a developing economy, and a settler's paradise.

Mukden Incident, China, 1931. --- World politics --- Manchurian Incident, China, 1931 --- Mukden Incident, 1931 --- Sino-Japanese Conflict, 1931-1933 --- Manchuria (China) --- Japan --- History --- J3385 --- J3491.14 --- S22/0510 --- -Mukden Incident, 1931 --- -Manchurian Incident, China, 1931 --- Colonialism --- Global politics --- International politics --- Political history --- Political science --- World history --- Eastern question --- Geopolitics --- International organization --- International relations --- Japan: History -- Gendai, modern -- Shōwa period -- World War II -- invasion of Asia (1931-1945) --- Japan: Geography and local history -- others -- Asia -- colonial China, Manchuria --- North-eastern provinces (Manchuria)--Manzuguo --- -Japan --- al-Yābān --- Giappone --- Government of Japan --- Iapōnia --- I︠A︡ponii︠a︡ --- Japam --- Japani --- Japão --- Japon --- Japonia --- Japonsko --- Japonya --- Jih-pen --- Mư̄ang Yīpun --- Nihon --- Nihon-koku --- Nihonkoku --- Nippon --- Nippon-koku --- Nipponkoku --- Prathēt Yīpun --- Riben --- State of Japan --- Yābān --- Yapan --- Yīpun --- Zhāpān --- Япония --- اليابان --- يابان --- 日本 --- 日本国 --- -Mukden Incident, China, 1931. --- -J3385 --- -Colonialism --- Jepun --- Yapon --- Yapon Ulus --- I︠A︡pon --- Япон --- I︠A︡pon Uls --- Япон Улс --- academia. --- academic. --- agriculture. --- china. --- colonial. --- colonization. --- controversial. --- cultural history. --- diversity. --- domestic. --- economy. --- empire. --- expansion. --- government. --- imperialism. --- international relations. --- international. --- japan. --- japanese culture. --- japanese expansion. --- japanese history. --- japanese imperialism. --- manchuria. --- mass media. --- military. --- overseas expansion. --- political. --- politics. --- scholarly. --- settlers. --- social history. --- womens issues. --- world history. --- youth groups. --- -History --- -Manchuria (China) --- History -