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By 2050, two-thirds of the world's population will live in cities, and the greatest growth in urban populations will take place in the least developed countries. This presents many governments with considerable challenges related to urban governance and the provision of services and opportunities to a burgeoning urban population. Among the concerns is that large youth bulges in urban centers could be a source of political instability and violence. Here, we assess this claim empirically using newly collected data on city-level urban social disorder, ranging from non-violent actions, such as demonstrations and strikes, to violent political actions, such as riots, terrorism, and armed conflict. The dataset covers 55 major cities in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa for 1960-2006. The study also utilizes a new United Nations Population Division dataset on urban populations by age and sex. The study further considers factors that could condition the effect of age structure, in particular the level of informal employment, economic growth, education, and gender imbalances. The analysis finds that large male youth bulges aged 15-24 are not generally associated with increased risks of either violent or non-violent social disturbance. Furthermore, the proxy measures of "youth exclusion" do not seem to increase the risk that large urban male youth bulges are associated with either form of disturbance. However, several other factors that may be associated with higher levels of youth exclusion - notably absence of democratic institutions, low economic growth, and low levels of secondary educational attainment - are significantly and robustly associated with increasing levels of urban social disturbance.

Adolescent Health --- Gangs --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Male youth --- Mortality --- Population Policies --- Rural youth --- Sex --- Social Development --- Unemployment --- Urban Development Policies and Strategies --- Urban Housing and Land --- Urban population --- Urban Youth --- Violence --- Wages --- Young males --- Young People --- Young persons --- Young populations --- Young women --- Youth and Government --- Youth groups --- Youth Movements --- Youth population --- Youth unemployment

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In recent years, diet- and lifestyle-related disorders have become a major health threat in Europe and worldwide. The contributions in this monograph include 2 review articles and 19 original contributions from several countries that provide new information on the existing research elucidating important aspects of children’s and adolescents’ nutrition and lifestyle behavior. The data included in this Special Issue are from large epidemiological studies, including several multicenter and multinational studies, as well as datasets from surveillance initiatives. The topics of interest of this Special Issue include the co-occurrence of multiple health behaviors in children, the role of parenting and early feeding practices, dairy consumption in childhood, validity of dietary intake data, dietary supplement use in children, as well as socioeconomic disparities and eating culture. The diverse articles in this Special Issue highlight the complexity and extent to which nutrition and physical activity behaviors may influence different health aspects of children and adolescents. As seen by the various findings and recommendations, not only is more work in this area required but the translation of this work to practice and policy is imperative if we are to address the challenges impacting the nutrition, physical activity, and health of young populations.

parent --- DAGIS Study --- noncommunicable diseases --- PANDiet index --- preschool children --- dietary assessment methods --- consumption behavior --- mothers --- children --- cholesterol --- prevention --- validation --- knowledge --- blood pressure --- determinants --- adolescents --- waist circumference --- home food environment --- eating behavior and Ile251Leu --- Emotion-Induced Eating Scale --- CEBQ --- vitamin --- early childhood --- family meals --- preschool --- breakfast --- whole diet --- migration status --- healthy diet adherence --- Healthy Eating Index --- exercise --- food and beverage consumption --- children’s-dietary inflammatory index --- food diary --- primary school --- consumption behaviors --- inflammation --- weight status --- dietary supplements --- I.Family --- dietary quality --- cluster analysis --- BMI --- reduced rank regression --- preferences --- KiGGS --- IDEFICS study --- food frequency questionnaire --- health --- Melanesian --- cardiovascular --- psychometric --- Pacific --- collaboration --- sugar-sweetened beverage --- health behaviour --- breastfeeding --- choice --- self-weight perception --- dairy --- dietary screener --- Physical activity --- growing up milk --- pediatric --- body composition --- mineral --- obesity prevention --- eating behaviour --- psychological eating style --- obesity --- food choice --- direct observation --- socioeconomic disparities --- validation study --- dietary behavior --- nutrient intake quality --- food parenting practices --- nutrition --- preschoolers --- epidemiological transition --- EsKiMo --- young populations --- intervention --- dietary habits --- child --- sweet preference --- epidemiology --- dietary intake --- nutrition risk --- formula milk --- diet --- surveillance --- energy balance-related behaviors --- sedentary behavior --- overweight --- public health --- taste preference --- calcium --- negative emotions --- vegetable intake --- MyHeARTs --- physical activity --- nutritional adequacy --- dietary pattern --- cross-classification --- diet quality --- screen time --- childhood obesity --- principal component analysis --- food intake