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In every mining region across the globe, there are a multitude of entities primarilyfocused on progressing the interests of women in mining. At the national level,the most notable interest group is that of Women in Mining (WIM) organizations.Although WIM organizations share a common vision, their objectives and formsvary. WIM organizations generally evolve organically and are structured, managed,and financed in accordance with their membership composition, location, context,and purpose. Most are independent but welcome coordination and joint initiativeswhile others are organized under the umbrella of an industry association or abusiness. In a single country, several WIM organizations may exist that are or aren'tlinked to one another, or there may be only one WIM organization in the wholecountry, both instances occur. As our research findings show, regardless of the form,the number of WIM organizations has been steadily increasing over the last decade.
Energy --- Gender --- Women's Empowerment
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This paper documents the positive link between the noncognitive skills of women farmers and the adoption of a cash crop. The context is Malawi, one of the poorest countries in the world, where the majority of rural households practice subsistence farming. The analysis finds that a one standard deviation increase in noncognitive ability related to perseverance is associated with a five percentage point (or 33 percent) increase in the probability of adoption of the main cash crop. This link is not explained by differences across women in education and cognitive skills. It is also not explained by the fact that women with higher noncognitive ability tend to be married to husbands of higher noncognitive ability and education. The effect of female noncognitive skills on adoption is concentrated in patrilocal communities, where women face greater adversity and thus where it would be expected that the returns to such skills would be highest. One main channel through which noncognitive skills seem to work is through the use of productive inputs, including higher levels of labor, fertilizer, and agricultural advice services.
Agribusiness --- Noncognitive Skills --- Personality --- Technology Adoption --- Women's Empowerment
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In To Be an Entrepreneur, Julia Qermezi Huang focuses on Bangladesh's iAgent social-enterprise model, the set of economic processes that animate the delivery of this model, and the implications for women's empowerment. The book offers new ethnographic approaches that reincorporate relational economics into the study of social enterprise. It details the tactics, dilemmas, compromises, aspirations, and unexpected possibilities that digital social enterprise opens up for women entrepreneurs, and reveals the implications of policy models promoting women's empowerment: the failure of focusing on individual autonomy and independence.While describing the historical and incomplete transition of Bangladesh's development models from their roots in a patronage-based moral economy to a market-based social-enterprise arrangement, Huang concludes that market-driven interventions fail to grasp the sociopolitical and cultural contexts in which poverty and gender inequality are embedded and sustained.
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It has long been recognized that household decision-making may not result in outcomes consistent with the unitary household model. Within the collective bargaining framework, consumption decisions would be driven by the spouse with greater bargaining power, while the outcomes would still be Pareto efficient. Within the non-cooperative framework, households would not achieve Pareto efficient outcomes, and under the simplest representation, bargaining power would not affect consumption decisions. This paper develops a model that allows consumption patterns and labor supply to be affected by both bargaining power and non-cooperation. The model highlights the potential gains from improving bargaining power versus increasing cooperation between spouses, and presents conditions under which relatively large gains would be expected from moving to more equitable bargaining power versus achieving intra-household cooperation. The model's predictions are in turn tested using a unique panel data set on married couples in rural Malawi. The analysis shows that, relative to increasing wives' bargaining power, improving cooperation between spouses would exert larger and statistically significant positive impacts on total household income and consumption expenditures per capita, as well as the share of household consumption devoted to public goods. Supported also by cross-country qualitative research, the results suggest that household public goods are relatively important to both women and men in rural Malawi, husbands' capacity to control wives' incomes is relatively limited, and development programs that promote intra-household cooperation could lead to greater gains in income and household public goods provision compared with interventions focusing exclusively on women's empowerment.
Household Welfare --- Intra-Household Cooperation --- Non-Cooperative Bargaining Model --- Women's Empowerment
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Reducing gender inequality could increase GDP per capita by more than a fourth in Niger by 2030. These significant economic gains would be generated by enabling women to have the same earnings as men and reducing fertility and thereby population growth. Investing in girls' education and reducing child marriage are critical to achieve these objectives, as are investments to raise women's participation in the labor force and their productivity at work. While the estimates of the gains presented in this study are meant only to provide orders of magnitude, they suggest that achieving gender equality could have major benefits and should be a top priority for the government.
Child Health --- Educational Attainment --- Employment --- Fertility --- Gender --- Inequality --- Women's Empowerment
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This document summarizes evidence and guidance on project design and results framework indicators for nutrition-sensitive irrigation and water management investments for which improving nutrition in vulnerable populations is a specific objective of the project. Drawing on the current body of evidence on the links between irrigation, water management, and nutrition through the pathways of production, income, women's empowerment, and water and hygiene, the report describes eight nutrition-sensitive approaches for achieving greater impacts on early child nutrition. Results framework indicators are proposed to support monitoring and evaluation of nutrition-sensitive investments in water management and irrigation.
Cooperatives --- Human Capital --- Hygiene --- Irrigation --- Water Resource Management --- Women's Empowerment
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This paper evaluates the long-term impacts of the national conditional cash transfer program in the Philippines on beneficiaries who were exposed to it during a relatively short but potentially critical period of transitioning from adolescence to adulthood. The paper estimates the impacts of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program on men and women who were enrolled in the program for up to 1.5 years when they were between ages 12.5 and 14 and are currently in their early twenties. The analysis finds evidence of impacts on marriage and fertility for women: participation in the program is associated with delay in marriage and the first birth of approximately one year and six months, respectively. No impacts are found on educational or labor market outcomes or proxies for economic welfare. Further, there is no strong and consistent evidence of changes in empowerment or gender norms.
Adolescence --- Conditional Cash Transfers --- Gender --- Gender and Development --- Poverty Reduction --- Randomized Intervention --- Women's Empowerment
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This review of gender issues aims to uncover the main gender gaps in the country, and to identify potential policy recommendations that could help closing them in the coming years.The note is an input to the development of a Gender Action Plan for the Andean Countries under the Gender Analysis Work Program. The note lays out a descriptive overview of gender gaps in endowments, economic opportunities and agency the explanation of the observed situation is outside the scope of this note.This note applies the analytical framework devised by the WDR 2012 on Gender Equality and Development. Chapter one covers the legal and institutional framework and the issue of the agency of women - e.g. political representation and violence against women, time use, and attitudes towards women; Chapter two provides an overview the situation with regards to the main endowments of health and education; and Chapter three deals with the existing gender gaps in economic opportunity - labor force participation and unemployment, the quality of employment, earnings, entrepreneurship and access to finance.The draft review is the result of the first stage in the assessment process. The note mainly reflects an initial descriptive exercise, and will be revised after the completion of stakeholder consultations in the countries; the results of such consultations will not only help identify additional literature and research on specific issues, but also help prioritize the key gender gaps to be addressed based on the way discussions on the issue are currently taking place in the country.
Access to Finance --- Agency --- Educational Attainment --- Employment --- Fertility --- Legal Framework --- Maternal Mortality --- Social Norms --- Violence Against Women --- Women's Empowerment
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Improving the livelihoods of poor households and transitioning more women back to the labor force is a major challenge in South Asia. Self-employment promoted through women's groups has often been cited as a promising intervention towards this end. However, the evidence on the impact of such programs on household income and labor outcomes is limited, especially for government programs like the National Rural Livelihoods Mission in India. This study aims to provide empirical evidence on the welfare impacts of an "intensive approach" adopted under this program. The data for the study come from 4,316 household surveys in 727 villages. The study uses matching methods with the population and socioeconomic census, as well as an instrumental variable approach to construct a retrospective control group. The analysis finds that the program has been able to achieve its primary objective of improving livelihoods by transitioning more women into work. The program has also expanded access to credit, increased the proportion of savings, and reduced interest rates on credit for rural households. This is the first study to estimate the annual income effects of a government-run rural livelihoods program in India, and it shows significant increases in median income across the sample. The results for 30th, 40th, and 75th percentiles are also large and significant. However, the study did not find significant average treatment effects for income. Contrary to previous studies, this study finds weaker impacts on assets, except for livestock.
Agriculture --- Labor Force Participation --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural Credit Markets --- Rural Development --- Rural Labor Markets --- Self-Help Groups --- Women's Empowerment
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This review of gender issues aims to uncover the main gender gaps in the country, and to identify potential policy recommendations that could help closing them in the coming years. The note is an input to the development of a Gender Action Plan for the Andean Countries under the Gender Analysis Work Program.The note lays out a descriptive overview of gender gaps in endowments, economic opportunities and agency - the explanation of the observed situation is outside the scope of this note.The note applies the analytical framework devised by the WDR 2012 on Gender Equality and Development. Chapter one covers the legal and institutional framework and the issue of the agency of women - e.g. political representation and violence against women, time use, and attitudes towards women; Chapter two provides an overview the situation with regards to the main endowments of health and education; and Chapter three deals with the existing gender gaps in economic opportunity labor force participation and unemployment, the quality of employment, earnings, entrepreneurship and access to finance.The review presented here is the result of the first stage in the assessment process.This note mainly reflects an initial descriptive exercise, and will be revised after the completion of stakeholder consultations in the countries; the results of such consultations will not only help identify additional literature and research on specific issues, but also help prioritize the key gender gaps to be addressed based on the way discussions on the issue are currently taking place in the country.
Access to Finance --- Agency --- Educational Attainment --- Employment --- Fertility --- Legal Framework --- Maternal Mortality --- Social Norms --- Violence Against Women --- Women's Empowerment
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