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capillarity --- wettability --- capillary pressure --- adsorption --- interfacial processes --- surfactants

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Les pesticides ont des coûts environnementaux, sociaux et financiers. Afin de diminuer ces coûts, une meilleure compréhension des processus impliqués dans la rétention lors de la pulvérisation sur des plantes est nécessaire. Le but de cette étude est une meilleure prédiction de la rétention par une compréhension plus précise du comportement des gouttes après l’impact, en fonction des propriétés de la goutte et de la surface de la feuille. Les propriétés de la surface de feuille de quatre plantes (feijoa (Acca sellowiana O. Berg.), épinard (Spinacia oleracea L.), betterave (Beta Vulgaris L.) et chénopode (Chenopodium album L.)) ont été déterminées. Le comportement de gouttes de trois mélanges ayant des tensions de surface variées (eau, 0.1% LI700® and 0.1% Pulse®) et impactant les quatre espèces de plantes a été analysé à l’aide d’un banc d’essai de pulvérisation, d’une caméra rapide et d’algorithmes d’analyse d’image. La vitesse et le diamètre des gouttes fut identifié et le comportement des gouttes classé selon trois catégories : adhésion, rebond et éclatement. Le seuil et les caractéristiques de l’éclatement ont été identifiés pour les deux types d’éclatement, i.e. rapide et en couronne, pour les données acquises lors de cette étude ainsi que pour d’autres données afin de bénéficier d’une plage de mouillabilité. Le comportement des gouttes après l’impact est principalement dicté par la rugosité de la surface des feuilles et varie fonction du niveau d’énergie des gouttes. Une zone de transition entre deux types d’impact existe néanmoins. La tension de surface du mélange influence le seuil du rebond mais pas celui de l’éclatement. L’éclatement rapide se produit pour les espèces les plus facilement mouillables et a un niveau énergétique supérieur à celui de l’éclatement en couronne. Ce dernier contribue moins à la rétention. Pesticides have environmental, social and financial costs. In order to decrease these costs, a better understanding of the processes involved in the retention of sprays on plants are needed. The aim of this Thesis is a better prediction of the retention by a more accurate understanding of the droplet impact outcomes according to the droplet and leaf surface properties. The leaf surface properties of four plant species (feijoa (Acca sellowiana O. Berg.), spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), beetroot (Beta Vulgaris L.), and fat hen (Chenopodium album L.)) were determined. Using a track-sprayer, a high-speed camera, and image processing algorithms, droplet impact outcomes of three mixtures having different surface tensions (water, 0.1% LI700® and 0.1% Pulse®) on the four plant species were analyzed. The droplet velocity and diameter were identified, and the impact outcomes classified in three categories (adhesion, bounce and splash). The threshold leading to splash and the splash characteristics were determined for the two kinds of splashes, i.e. prompt and corona, for this Thesis data sets and additional data sets to study a wider range of wettability. The droplet impact outcomes are mainly determined by the leaf surface roughness and happen at different energy level, but a transition zone between two outcomes exists. The mixture surface tension has an influence on the bounce threshold but not on the splash threshold. The prompt splash occurred for the easier-to-wet and at highest energy level than the corona splash. The latter contributes less to the retention.

Rétention --- pulvérisation --- caméra rapide --- tension de surface --- mouillabilité --- adhésion --- rebond --- éclatement --- Retention --- spray pesticides --- high-speed camera --- surface tension --- leaf surface --- wettability --- adhesion --- bounce --- corona splash --- prompt splash --- Sciences du vivant > Sciences de l'environnement & écologie

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The oil industry has, in the last decade, seen successful applications of nanotechnology in completion systems, completion fluids, drilling fluids, and in improvements of well constructions, equipment, and procedures. However, very few full field applications of nanoparticles as an additive to injection fluids for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) have been reported. Many types of chemical enhanced oil recovery methods have been used in fields all over the world for many decades and have resulted in higher recovery, but the projects have very often not been economic. Therefore, the oil industry is searching for a more efficient enhanced oil recovery method. Based on the success of nanotechnology in various areas of the oil industry, nanoparticles have been extensively studied as an additive in injection fluids for EOR. This book includes a selection of research articles on the use of nanoparticles for EOR application. The articles are discussing nanoparticles as additive in waterflooding and surfactant flooding, stability and wettability alteration ability of nanoparticles and nanoparticle stabilized foam for CO2-EOR. The book also includes articles on nanoparticles as an additive in biopolymer flooding and studies on the use of nanocellulose as a method to increase the viscosity of injection water. Mathematical models of the injection of nanoparticle-polymer solutions are also presented.

Technology: general issues --- nanomaterials --- pore throat size distribution --- mercury injection capillary pressure --- interfacial tension --- contact angle --- enhanced oil recovery --- surfactant --- nanoparticle --- chemical flooding --- nanocellulose --- cellulose nanocrystals --- TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils --- microfluidics --- biopolymer --- silica nanoparticles --- nanoparticle stability --- reservoir condition --- reservoir rock --- crude oil --- nanoparticle agglomeration --- polymer flooding --- formation rheological characteristics --- polymer concentration --- recovery factor --- mathematical model --- nanoparticles --- foam --- CO2 EOR --- CO2 mobility control --- nanotechnology for EOR --- nanoparticles stability --- polymer-coated nanoparticles --- core flood --- EOR --- wettability alteration --- nanoparticle-stabilized emulsion and flow diversion --- nanomaterials --- pore throat size distribution --- mercury injection capillary pressure --- interfacial tension --- contact angle --- enhanced oil recovery --- surfactant --- nanoparticle --- chemical flooding --- nanocellulose --- cellulose nanocrystals --- TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils --- microfluidics --- biopolymer --- silica nanoparticles --- nanoparticle stability --- reservoir condition --- reservoir rock --- crude oil --- nanoparticle agglomeration --- polymer flooding --- formation rheological characteristics --- polymer concentration --- recovery factor --- mathematical model --- nanoparticles --- foam --- CO2 EOR --- CO2 mobility control --- nanotechnology for EOR --- nanoparticles stability --- polymer-coated nanoparticles --- core flood --- EOR --- wettability alteration --- nanoparticle-stabilized emulsion and flow diversion

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Materials of extreme wetting properties have received significant attention, as they offer new perspectives providing numerous potential applications. Water- and oil-repellent surfaces can be used, for instance, in the automobile, microelectronics, textile and biomedical industries; in the protection and preservation of constructions, buildings and cultural heritage; and in several other applications relevant to self-cleaning, biocide treatments, oil–water separation and anti-corrosion, just to name a few. The papers included in this book present innovative production methods of advanced materials with extreme wetting properties that are designed to serve some of the abovementioned applications. Moreover, the papers explore the scientific principles behind these advanced materials and discuss their applications to different areas of coating technology.

Research & information: general --- robust superhydrophobic surface --- surface assembly mechanism --- surface disintegration mechanism --- superhydrophobic --- Cu2O --- oil-water separation --- hydrophobic treatments --- oleophobicity --- nano-particles --- stone protection --- anti-graffiti coatings --- chemical cleaning --- acrylic-based paints --- felt-tip markers --- water repellency --- calcium hydroxide --- siloxane --- marble --- cultural heritage --- conservation --- sodium methyl silicone --- earth site --- silt --- the height of capillary rise --- microscopic mechanism analysis --- XRD --- XRF --- SEM --- MIP --- plasma deposition --- organosilicon thin layers --- morphology analysis --- surface molecular structure --- goose down --- wettability --- fungus resistance --- robust superhydrophobic surface --- surface assembly mechanism --- surface disintegration mechanism --- superhydrophobic --- Cu2O --- oil-water separation --- hydrophobic treatments --- oleophobicity --- nano-particles --- stone protection --- anti-graffiti coatings --- chemical cleaning --- acrylic-based paints --- felt-tip markers --- water repellency --- calcium hydroxide --- siloxane --- marble --- cultural heritage --- conservation --- sodium methyl silicone --- earth site --- silt --- the height of capillary rise --- microscopic mechanism analysis --- XRD --- XRF --- SEM --- MIP --- plasma deposition --- organosilicon thin layers --- morphology analysis --- surface molecular structure --- goose down --- wettability --- fungus resistance

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Materials of extreme wetting properties have received significant attention, as they offer new perspectives providing numerous potential applications. Water- and oil-repellent surfaces can be used, for instance, in the automobile, microelectronics, textile and biomedical industries; in the protection and preservation of constructions, buildings and cultural heritage; and in several other applications relevant to self-cleaning, biocide treatments, oil–water separation and anti-corrosion, just to name a few. The papers included in this book present innovative production methods of advanced materials with extreme wetting properties that are designed to serve some of the abovementioned applications. Moreover, the papers explore the scientific principles behind these advanced materials and discuss their applications to different areas of coating technology.

Research & information: general --- robust superhydrophobic surface --- surface assembly mechanism --- surface disintegration mechanism --- superhydrophobic --- Cu2O --- oil–water separation --- hydrophobic treatments --- oleophobicity --- nano-particles --- stone protection --- anti-graffiti coatings --- chemical cleaning --- acrylic-based paints --- felt-tip markers --- water repellency --- calcium hydroxide --- siloxane --- marble --- cultural heritage --- conservation --- sodium methyl silicone --- earth site --- silt --- the height of capillary rise --- microscopic mechanism analysis --- XRD --- XRF --- SEM --- MIP --- plasma deposition --- organosilicon thin layers --- morphology analysis --- surface molecular structure --- goose down --- wettability --- fungus resistance --- n/a --- oil-water separation