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Most people in the United States have forgotten that tens of thousands of U.S. citizens migrated westward to California by way of Panama during the California Gold Rush. Decades before the completion of the Panama Canal in 1914, this slender spit of land abruptly became the linchpin of the fastest route between New York City and San Francisco-a route that combined travel by ship to the east coast of Panama, an overland crossing to Panama City, and a final voyage by ship to California. In Path of Empire, Aims McGuinness presents a novel understanding of the intertwined histories of the California Gold Rush, the course of U.S. empire, and anti-imperialist politics in Latin America. Between 1848 and 1856, Panama saw the building, by a U.S. company, of the first transcontinental railroad in world history, the final abolition of slavery, the establishment of universal manhood suffrage, the foundation of an autonomous Panamanian state, and the first of what would become a long list of military interventions by the United States.Using documents found in Panamanian, Colombian, and U.S. archives, McGuinness reveals how U.S. imperial projects in Panama were integral to developments in California and the larger process of U.S. continental expansion. Path of Empire offers a model for the new transnational history by unbinding the gold rush from the confines of U.S. history as traditionally told and narrating that event as the history of Panama, a small place of global importance in the mid-1800s.

Americans --- Watermelon Riot, Colón, Panama, 1856. --- Incidente de la Tajada de Sandía, Colón, Panama, 1856 --- Panama Massacre, Colón, Panama, 1856 --- Panama Riot, Colón, Panama, 1856 --- Watermelon War, Colón, Panama, 1856 --- Riots --- Yankees --- Ethnology --- History --- United States --- Panama --- California --- República de Panamá --- Panama (Audiencia) --- Audiencia de Panamá --- Tierra Firme --- Audiencia de Panamá del Nuevo Reino de Tierra Firme --- Real Audiencia de Panamá --- Estado Federal de Panamá --- Republic of Panama --- Foreign relations --- Gold discoveries.

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Watermelons --- Weeds --- Varieties --- Organic farming --- Control --- Varieties. --- Control. --- Crops --- Eradication of weeds --- Suppression, Weed --- Weed control --- Weed eradication --- Weed management --- Weed suppression --- Vegetation management --- Herbicides --- Pest plants --- Weed plants --- Weedy plants --- Plant pests (Plants) --- Agricultural pests --- Botany, Economic --- Plants --- Afghan melon --- Anguria citrullus --- Apple, Bitter --- Bastard melon --- Bitter apple --- Bitter melon --- Camel melon --- Citrullus aedulis --- Citrullus battich --- Citrullus caffer --- Citrullus caffrorum --- Citrullus lanatus --- Citrullus pasteca --- Citrullus vulgaris --- Colocynthis citrullus --- Cucurbita anguria --- Cucurbita citrullus --- Cucumis colocynthis --- Cucumis dissectus --- Egusi melon --- Jam melon --- Mickey melon --- Momordica lanata --- Paddy melon --- Paddymelon --- Pie melon --- Wild melon --- Wild watermelon --- Citrullus --- Melons --- Eradication --- Management

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We would like to provide the scientists a set of studies entitled "Study of the Influence of Abiotic and Biotic Stress Factors on Horticultural Plants". The reprint book contains 12 papers about the influence of the stress factors on the plant growth and soil parameters. Authors descripted the impact of the biotic and abiotic stress factors (i.e., high, and low temperature, salt, inorganic pollutants such as salts, heavy metals, phosphite, as well as irrigation) on the physiological, biochemical, and anatomical changes occurring in the plants at the cellular, tissue, organ, and whole plant level. The subject of these studies were different plant species, i.e., watermelon, lettuce, kale, potato, grapevine, hops, orchid, strawberry, and boxwood. The ideas of the papers can be divided into five topics: (1) achieving better quality of plant material for food production by changes made in the growth conditions, metabolic and genetic modifications; (2) increasing the plant resistance to environmental stresses by application of exogenous compounds of different chemical character; (3) reducing plant stress caused by anthropogenic activity applying nonmodified and genetically modified plants; (4) mitigating drought stress by irrigation; and 5) the positive effect of plant growth-promoting microorganisms on horticulture plants performance during drought stress.

abiotic stress --- strawberry --- companion plants --- phytoremediation --- cold stress --- cold-responsive genes --- anti-oxidants --- proline --- malondialdehyde --- hormone profiling --- 5-aminolevulinic acid --- Buxus megistophylla --- chlorophyll fast fluorescence characteristics --- mineral nutrition --- urban road greening --- orchid --- transformed ecosystems --- fly ash --- metals --- adaptive responses --- water exchange --- leaf mesostructure --- photosynthetic pigments --- photosynthesis --- plant introduction --- grapevine --- maximum daily shrinkage --- daily increase --- stem water potential --- leaf relative water content --- signal intensity --- Humulus lupulus L. --- soil porosity --- soil bulk density --- liming --- hop ridges --- Vitis spp. --- piwi cultivars --- disease-resistant varieties --- malic acid --- ripening --- fruit composition --- downy mildew --- phosphite stress --- antioxidant enzyme --- hydrogen peroxide --- root morphology --- potato --- genotypes --- Brassica oleracea var. acephala --- short-term cold stress --- phytochemicals --- pigments --- antioxidant enzymes --- chitosan (CTS) --- lettuce --- salinity --- soluble sugars --- climate change --- drought stress --- biopreparations --- plant stimulation --- plant growth-promoting microorganisms --- watermelon --- rootstock --- gene expression --- n/a

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We would like to provide the scientists a set of studies entitled "Study of the Influence of Abiotic and Biotic Stress Factors on Horticultural Plants". The reprint book contains 12 papers about the influence of the stress factors on the plant growth and soil parameters. Authors descripted the impact of the biotic and abiotic stress factors (i.e., high, and low temperature, salt, inorganic pollutants such as salts, heavy metals, phosphite, as well as irrigation) on the physiological, biochemical, and anatomical changes occurring in the plants at the cellular, tissue, organ, and whole plant level. The subject of these studies were different plant species, i.e., watermelon, lettuce, kale, potato, grapevine, hops, orchid, strawberry, and boxwood. The ideas of the papers can be divided into five topics: (1) achieving better quality of plant material for food production by changes made in the growth conditions, metabolic and genetic modifications; (2) increasing the plant resistance to environmental stresses by application of exogenous compounds of different chemical character; (3) reducing plant stress caused by anthropogenic activity applying nonmodified and genetically modified plants; (4) mitigating drought stress by irrigation; and 5) the positive effect of plant growth-promoting microorganisms on horticulture plants performance during drought stress.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- abiotic stress --- strawberry --- companion plants --- phytoremediation --- cold stress --- cold-responsive genes --- anti-oxidants --- proline --- malondialdehyde --- hormone profiling --- 5-aminolevulinic acid --- Buxus megistophylla --- chlorophyll fast fluorescence characteristics --- mineral nutrition --- urban road greening --- orchid --- transformed ecosystems --- fly ash --- metals --- adaptive responses --- water exchange --- leaf mesostructure --- photosynthetic pigments --- photosynthesis --- plant introduction --- grapevine --- maximum daily shrinkage --- daily increase --- stem water potential --- leaf relative water content --- signal intensity --- Humulus lupulus L. --- soil porosity --- soil bulk density --- liming --- hop ridges --- Vitis spp. --- piwi cultivars --- disease-resistant varieties --- malic acid --- ripening --- fruit composition --- downy mildew --- phosphite stress --- antioxidant enzyme --- hydrogen peroxide --- root morphology --- potato --- genotypes --- Brassica oleracea var. acephala --- short-term cold stress --- phytochemicals --- pigments --- antioxidant enzymes --- chitosan (CTS) --- lettuce --- salinity --- soluble sugars --- climate change --- drought stress --- biopreparations --- plant stimulation --- plant growth-promoting microorganisms --- watermelon --- rootstock --- gene expression

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To meet the global food demand of an increasing population, food production has to be increased by 60% by 2050. The main production constraints, such as climate change, biotic stresses, abiotic stresses, soil nutrition deficiency problems, problematic soils, etc., have to be addressed on an urgent basis. More than 50% of human calories are from three major cereals: rice, wheat, and maize. The harnessing of genetic diversity by novel allele mining assisted by recent advances in biotechnological and bioinformatics tools will enhance the utilization of the hidden treasures in the gene bank. Technological advances in plant breeding will provide some solutions for the biofortification, stress resistance, yield potential, and quality improvement in staple crops. The elucidation of the genetic, physiological, and molecular basis of useful traits and the improvement of the improved donors containing multiple traits are key activities for variety development. High-throughput genotyping systems assisted by bioinformatics and data science provide efficient and easy tools for geneticists and breeders. Recently, new breeding techniques applied in some food crops have become game-changers in the global food crop market. With this background, we invited 18 eminent researchers working on food crops from across the world to contribute their high-quality original research manuscripts. The research studies covered modern food crop genetics and breeding.

dry direct-seeded rice --- early vigor --- QTL --- candidate gene --- phenotyping --- EMS --- MutMap --- mutagenesis --- CLE7 --- tropical maize --- fasciation --- mapping --- radish --- microspore culture --- regeneration rate --- outcrossing --- two-way pseudo-testcross model --- Oryza sativa L. --- PPDK --- flo4-5 --- floury endosperm --- rice --- allelopathy --- yield --- HYV --- Tongil --- indica --- japonica --- SNP --- molecular breeding --- wheat quality --- wheat milling --- wheat hardness --- puroindolines --- water absorption capacity --- crop genetics --- Solanum tuberosum --- abiotic stress --- phenylpropanoids --- essential amino acid --- transcriptome --- small RNA --- comparative genomics --- nutrition --- days to heading --- Hd1 --- Ghd7 --- Hd16 --- chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) --- quantitative trait locus (QTL) --- marker-assisted selection (MAS) --- cold tolerance (CT) --- gene editing --- genetically modified --- genetically modified organism (GMO) --- crop breeding --- ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) --- genetic screening --- landraces --- genetic diversity --- population structure --- West Africa --- maize improvement --- DArTseq markers --- co-expression network --- drought-tolerant-yield --- reproductive-stage drought --- qDTYs --- transcriptomics --- watermelon --- pentatricopeptide-repeat (PPR) gene family --- comprehensive analysis --- expression profiling --- flesh color --- canola --- Brassica napus --- genetics --- gene technology --- genomics --- disease resistance --- CSSLs --- drought stress --- ‘KDML105’ rice --- low-temperature germinability --- interspecific cross --- interaction --- peanut --- core collection --- genome-wide association study --- linkage disequilibrium