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With growing water scarcity in many parts of the world and projections that indicate the need to increase agricultural production and, concurrently, agricultural water use, it is increasingly advocated to focus efforts on improving agricultural water productivity and efficiency-and thus achieve more crop per drop. Many international organizations concerned with water management are also promoting these efforts, and significant public and private investments are being made in both developed and developing countries. Yet some serious problems are associated with this approach. They include conceptual issues, the methods used for measuring agricultural water productivity and efficiency, and the application of these concepts and methods in different contexts-all of which influence the choice of interventions and the evaluation of their implementation. The report aims to shed further light on these issues: first, by clarifying some of the underlying concepts in the discussion of agricultural water productivity and efficiency; second, by reviewing and analyzing the available methods for assessing water productivity and efficiency, including single-factor productivity measures, total factor productivity indices, frontier methods, and deductive methods; and, third, by discussing their application and relevance in different contexts. As a background for this analysis, the report highlights the central role of water use in irrigated agriculture and its link with increasing water scarcity. An underlying framework of the analysis is the view of the water economy transitioning from an expansionary to a mature phase. The report further develops this framework to reflect water management issues in irrigated agriculture. The framework is then applied to make the case that, with increasing water scarcity, the ongoing efforts for improving agricultural water productivity and efficiency need to move beyond crop per drop approaches, because they are in many circumstances an insufficient and sometimes counterproductive attempt to adapt agricultural water management to a maturing water economy.

Adaptation Measures --- Crop Per Drop --- Deductive Methods --- Frontier Methods --- Irrigated Agriculture --- Irrigation Efficiency --- Maturing Water Economy --- Productivity --- Single-Factor Productivity --- Water Conservation --- Water Productivity --- Water Scarcity

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The rising shortage of water resources in crop-producing regions worldwide and the need for irrigation optimisation call for sustainable water savings. The allocation of irrigation water will be an ever-increasing source of pressure because of vast agricultural demands under changing climatic conditions. Consequently, irrigation has to be closely linked with water-use efficiency with the aim of boosting productivity and improving food quality, singularly in those regions where problems of water shortages or collection and delivery are widespread. The present Special Issue (SI) showcases 19 original contributions, addressing water-use efficiency in the context of sustainable irrigation management to meet water scarcity conditions. These papers cover a wide range of subjects including (i) interaction mineral nutrition and irrigation in horticultural crops, (ii) sustainable irrigation in woody fruit crops, (iii) medicinal plants, (iv) industrial crops, and (v) other topics devoted to remote sensing techniques and crop water requirements, genotypes for drought tolerance, and agricultural management. The studies were carried out in both field and laboratory surveys, with modelling studies also being conducted, and a wide range of geographic regions are also covered. The collection of these manuscripts presented in this SI updates on and provides a relevant contribution for efficient saving water resources.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Technology, engineering, agriculture --- fruit size --- Manzanilla --- olive --- regulated deficit irrigation --- water potential --- water relation --- leaf area --- Manihot esculenta --- photosynthesis --- tuber --- water status --- antioxidant capacity --- bioactive compounds --- growth --- hydroxycinnamic acids --- hydroponics --- preformed plastic mulch film --- crop water productivity --- biodegradation --- crop productivity --- spray-on mulch --- water use efficiency --- almond cultivars --- crop physiological response --- irrigation water productivity --- nut yield --- drip irrigation --- silicon --- mineral nutrients --- oxidative stress --- osmolytes --- yield --- Zea mays --- ERP --- GIS --- internet of things --- precision agriculture --- quality --- environment --- water --- software --- platform --- web application --- crop coefficient --- drought stress --- evapotranspiration --- maize --- water productivity --- Prunus dulcis --- Vairo --- water stress --- sustained deficit irrigation --- quality markers --- leaf greenness index --- root morphology --- almond quality --- sustainability --- marketability --- semiarid Mediterranean environment --- root components --- yield components --- fruit quality --- deficit irrigation --- leaf area index --- harvest index --- photosynthetic rate --- transpiration rate --- greenhouse --- in vitro culture --- apple --- cherries --- midday stem water potential --- sap flow --- stomatal conductance --- FDR probes and daily fraction of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation --- abiotic stress --- Linum album Ky. ex Boiss. --- morphological properties --- phenology --- pigments --- diversity --- root length density --- root weight density --- root-shoot relationships --- benefit-cost ratio --- nitrogen --- root growth --- tomato --- water saving --- Jerusalem artichoke --- mineral fertilization --- irrigation --- diseases --- fungi --- crop suitability --- remote sensing --- ALES-Arid --- SEBAL --- landsat --- crop-water requirements --- smart farming --- crop-production functions --- food quality --- crop physiological response to drought scenarios --- fruit size --- Manzanilla --- olive --- regulated deficit irrigation --- water potential --- water relation --- leaf area --- Manihot esculenta --- photosynthesis --- tuber --- water status --- antioxidant capacity --- bioactive compounds --- growth --- hydroxycinnamic acids --- hydroponics --- preformed plastic mulch film --- crop water productivity --- biodegradation --- crop productivity --- spray-on mulch --- water use efficiency --- almond cultivars --- crop physiological response --- irrigation water productivity --- nut yield --- drip irrigation --- silicon --- mineral nutrients --- oxidative stress --- osmolytes --- yield --- Zea mays --- ERP --- GIS --- internet of things --- precision agriculture --- quality --- environment --- water --- software --- platform --- web application --- crop coefficient --- drought stress --- evapotranspiration --- maize --- water productivity --- Prunus dulcis --- Vairo --- water stress --- sustained deficit irrigation --- quality markers --- leaf greenness index --- root morphology --- almond quality --- sustainability --- marketability --- semiarid Mediterranean environment --- root components --- yield components --- fruit quality --- deficit irrigation --- leaf area index --- harvest index --- photosynthetic rate --- transpiration rate --- greenhouse --- in vitro culture --- apple --- cherries --- midday stem water potential --- sap flow --- stomatal conductance --- FDR probes and daily fraction of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation --- abiotic stress --- Linum album Ky. ex Boiss. --- morphological properties --- phenology --- pigments --- diversity --- root length density --- root weight density --- root-shoot relationships --- benefit-cost ratio --- nitrogen --- root growth --- tomato --- water saving --- Jerusalem artichoke --- mineral fertilization --- irrigation --- diseases --- fungi --- crop suitability --- remote sensing --- ALES-Arid --- SEBAL --- landsat --- crop-water requirements --- smart farming --- crop-production functions --- food quality --- crop physiological response to drought scenarios

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The rising shortage of water resources in crop-producing regions worldwide and the need for irrigation optimisation call for sustainable water savings. The allocation of irrigation water will be an ever-increasing source of pressure because of vast agricultural demands under changing climatic conditions. Consequently, irrigation has to be closely linked with water-use efficiency with the aim of boosting productivity and improving food quality, singularly in those regions where problems of water shortages or collection and delivery are widespread. The present Special Issue (SI) showcases 19 original contributions, addressing water-use efficiency in the context of sustainable irrigation management to meet water scarcity conditions. These papers cover a wide range of subjects including (i) interaction mineral nutrition and irrigation in horticultural crops, (ii) sustainable irrigation in woody fruit crops, (iii) medicinal plants, (iv) industrial crops, and (v) other topics devoted to remote sensing techniques and crop water requirements, genotypes for drought tolerance, and agricultural management. The studies were carried out in both field and laboratory surveys, with modelling studies also being conducted, and a wide range of geographic regions are also covered. The collection of these manuscripts presented in this SI updates on and provides a relevant contribution for efficient saving water resources.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Technology, engineering, agriculture --- fruit size --- Manzanilla --- olive --- regulated deficit irrigation --- water potential --- water relation --- leaf area --- Manihot esculenta --- photosynthesis --- tuber --- water status --- antioxidant capacity --- bioactive compounds --- growth --- hydroxycinnamic acids --- hydroponics --- preformed plastic mulch film --- crop water productivity --- biodegradation --- crop productivity --- spray-on mulch --- water use efficiency --- almond cultivars --- crop physiological response --- irrigation water productivity --- nut yield --- drip irrigation --- silicon --- mineral nutrients --- oxidative stress --- osmolytes --- yield --- Zea mays --- ERP --- GIS --- internet of things --- precision agriculture --- quality --- environment --- water --- software --- platform --- web application --- crop coefficient --- drought stress --- evapotranspiration --- maize --- water productivity --- Prunus dulcis --- Vairo --- water stress --- sustained deficit irrigation --- quality markers --- leaf greenness index --- root morphology --- almond quality --- sustainability --- marketability --- semiarid Mediterranean environment --- root components --- yield components --- fruit quality --- deficit irrigation --- leaf area index --- harvest index --- photosynthetic rate --- transpiration rate --- greenhouse --- in vitro culture --- apple --- cherries --- midday stem water potential --- sap flow --- stomatal conductance --- FDR probes and daily fraction of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation --- abiotic stress --- Linum album Ky. ex Boiss. --- morphological properties --- phenology --- pigments --- diversity --- root length density --- root weight density --- root-shoot relationships --- benefit-cost ratio --- nitrogen --- root growth --- tomato --- water saving --- Jerusalem artichoke --- mineral fertilization --- irrigation --- diseases --- fungi --- crop suitability --- remote sensing --- ALES-Arid --- SEBAL --- landsat --- crop-water requirements --- smart farming --- crop-production functions --- food quality --- crop physiological response to drought scenarios

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Increasing energy efficiency; reducing energy demand, greenhouse gas emissions, and the use of waste; and integrating renewable and recycled heat from low-temperature sources are significant challenges today and are key parts of 4th Generation District Heating (4GDH) concept. On the other hand, currently about one billion people around the world are suffering from water scarcity, and another three billion are approaching this situation. Only 2.5% of all water on the planet is freshwater, of which around 70% is not available and only 0.4% constitutes the most valuable portion of freshwater. Adsorption cooling technology is one of the most effective ways of addressing both these issues. This technology cools and produces potable water from the renewable and wasted heat of the near ambient temperature, including from sewage water, solar heat, and underground resources. This Special Issue Reprint Book provides the detailed information concerning the above-mentioned issues.

Technology: general issues --- Chemical engineering --- adsorption chiller --- coefficient of performance --- desalination --- energy efficiency --- low-temperature heat --- silica gel --- specific cooling power --- waste heat recovery --- sorption processes --- deep learning --- neural networks --- Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) --- additives --- sorption capacity --- sorption process time --- kinetics sorption --- adsorption --- exergy --- dead state --- adsorption cooling --- reheat cycle, mass recovery --- chiller --- adsorptive water harvesting from the atmosphere --- metal–organic frameworks --- MIL-160 --- water vapor adsorption --- specific water productivity --- specific energy consumption --- zeolite --- SAPO-34 --- mass recovery --- variable mode --- adsorption working pairs --- coated beds --- comparative analysis --- natural refrigerants --- preheating --- steam --- copper --- cycle time --- CFD --- metal organic silica --- nanocomposites --- sorption --- thermal diffusivity --- n/a --- metal-organic frameworks

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Water scarcity is a critical issue for agriculture, and, hence, efficient management and conservation practices for agricultural water use are essential for adapting to and mitigating the impacts of current and future discrepancy between water supplies and water demands. This Special Issue focuses on “Agricultural Water Conservation: Tools, Strategies, and Practices”, which aims to bring together a collection of recent cutting-edge research and advancements in agricultural water conservation. The Special Issue intends to give a broad overview focusing on on-farm water conservation practices, advanced irrigation tools and water technologies, and the best management practices and strategies for efficient water use in agriculture.

Research. --- Biology. --- Technology. --- Engineering. --- Agriculture. --- irrigation --- groundwater --- alluvial aquifer --- water conservation adoption --- row crops --- Mississippi Delta --- precision agriculture --- Lower Mississippi River Valley --- clogging --- drip irrigation --- emitter --- hydrocyclone --- digestate liquid fraction --- wastewater --- salinity --- environments --- AquaCrop model --- water productivity --- scenarios --- tolerant --- Colorado River Basin --- drought --- irrigation management strategy --- water deficit --- optimum water use --- forage --- BEARS --- bushland --- climate --- evapotranspiration --- groundwater management --- irrigation water management --- Ogallala aquifer region --- remote sensing --- lysimeter ET assessment --- water-use efficiency --- analytical formula --- efficient design --- application efficiency --- gravity irrigation --- solar MajiPump --- water and crop productivity --- small-scale irrigation --- conservation agriculture --- Ethiopia --- sensible and latent heat fluxes --- surface renewal method --- tea plantation --- eddy covariance --- squash --- partial root drying --- water use efficiency --- soil mulch --- growing seasons --- gas exchange --- fruit quality --- Asparagus officinalis L. --- cultivars --- spears yield --- sandy soil --- water requirements --- IWUE --- autonomous landscape irrigation --- Hargreaves and Samani evapotranspiration model --- water conservation --- smart controller --- n/a