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A majority of sub-Saharan Africa's population is not connected to electricity and piped water networks, and even in urban areas coverage is low. Lack of network coverage may be due to demand or supply-side factors. Some households may live in areas where access to piped water and electricity is feasible, but may not be able to pay for those services. Other households may be able to afford the services, but may live too far from the electric line or water pipe to have a choice to be connected to it. Given that the policy options for dealing with demand as opposed to supply-side issues are fairly different, it is important to try to measure the contributions of both types of factors in preventing better coverage of infrastructure services in the population. This paper shows how this can be done empirically using household survey data and provides results on the magnitude of both types of factors in explaining the coverage deficit of piped water and electricity services in urban areas for a large sample of African countries.

Access to Markets --- Area --- Assets --- Bills --- Capacity constraints --- Census data --- Communities and Human Settlements --- Connection charges --- Consumers --- Currencies and Exchange Rates --- Deficits --- Development policy --- Distribution of wealth --- Economic Theory and Research --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Geographical Information Systems --- Households --- Housing and Human Habitats --- Information and Communication Technologies --- International Economics and Trade --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Quality of service --- Scatter plot --- Scatter plots --- Supply side --- Supply-side --- Town Water Supply and Sanitation --- Urban areas --- Water networks --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Wealth --- Weights

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New challenges in water systems toward safety, efficiency, reliability, and system flexibility will be fundamental in the near future. In this book, readers can find different approaches that include safety analysis, system efficiency improvements, and new innovative designs. The risk function is a measure of its vulnerability level and security loss. Analyses of transient flows associated with the most dangerous operating conditions, are compulsory to grant system liability in terms of water quantity, quality, and system management. Specific equipment, such as air valves, is used in pressurized water pipes to manage the air inside, associated with the emptying and filling process. Advanced tools are developed toward near-future smart water grids. The water system efficiency and water–energy nexus, through the implementation of suitable pressure control and energy recovery devices, as well as pumped-storage hydropower, provide guidelines toward the most technical and environmental cost-effective solutions. Integrated analysis of water and energy allows more reliable, flexible, and sustainable eco-design projects, reaching better resilience systems. Hydraulic simulators and computational fluid dynamics (CFD), conjugating with field or experimental tests, supported by advanced smart equipment, allow a better design, control, and complex event anticipation occurrence to attain high levels of water system security and efficiency.

History of engineering & technology --- trunk network --- water distribution network --- resilience --- optimization --- energy recovery --- pumps as turbines --- water distribution networks --- EPANET --- safe water --- air valve --- CFD --- hydraulic characterization --- entrapped air --- safety of water supply consumers --- risk --- water supply system --- failure risk analysis --- decision making model --- risk assessment methodology --- experiments --- ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry (UDV) --- flowmeters --- computational fluid dynamics (CFD) --- pipe system efficiency --- pressure reducing valves --- leakage reduction --- water-energy nexus --- air–water interface --- filling --- flow --- pipelines --- transient --- water management --- reservoirs --- hydropower plants --- pumped storage power plants --- hydropeaking --- environmental flows --- smart water management --- smart water grids --- water drinking network --- water losses --- energy production --- pumped-storage --- micro-hydropower --- water networks --- dimensional analysis --- pumping system --- safety and control --- hydraulic transients and CFD analyses --- water systems efficiency --- new design solutions and eco-design --- trunk network --- water distribution network --- resilience --- optimization --- energy recovery --- pumps as turbines --- water distribution networks --- EPANET --- safe water --- air valve --- CFD --- hydraulic characterization --- entrapped air --- safety of water supply consumers --- risk --- water supply system --- failure risk analysis --- decision making model --- risk assessment methodology --- experiments --- ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry (UDV) --- flowmeters --- computational fluid dynamics (CFD) --- pipe system efficiency --- pressure reducing valves --- leakage reduction --- water-energy nexus --- air–water interface --- filling --- flow --- pipelines --- transient --- water management --- reservoirs --- hydropower plants --- pumped storage power plants --- hydropeaking --- environmental flows --- smart water management --- smart water grids --- water drinking network --- water losses --- energy production --- pumped-storage --- micro-hydropower --- water networks --- dimensional analysis --- pumping system --- safety and control --- hydraulic transients and CFD analyses --- water systems efficiency --- new design solutions and eco-design

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New challenges in water systems toward safety, efficiency, reliability, and system flexibility will be fundamental in the near future. In this book, readers can find different approaches that include safety analysis, system efficiency improvements, and new innovative designs. The risk function is a measure of its vulnerability level and security loss. Analyses of transient flows associated with the most dangerous operating conditions, are compulsory to grant system liability in terms of water quantity, quality, and system management. Specific equipment, such as air valves, is used in pressurized water pipes to manage the air inside, associated with the emptying and filling process. Advanced tools are developed toward near-future smart water grids. The water system efficiency and water–energy nexus, through the implementation of suitable pressure control and energy recovery devices, as well as pumped-storage hydropower, provide guidelines toward the most technical and environmental cost-effective solutions. Integrated analysis of water and energy allows more reliable, flexible, and sustainable eco-design projects, reaching better resilience systems. Hydraulic simulators and computational fluid dynamics (CFD), conjugating with field or experimental tests, supported by advanced smart equipment, allow a better design, control, and complex event anticipation occurrence to attain high levels of water system security and efficiency.

History of engineering & technology --- trunk network --- water distribution network --- resilience --- optimization --- energy recovery --- pumps as turbines --- water distribution networks --- EPANET --- safe water --- air valve --- CFD --- hydraulic characterization --- entrapped air --- safety of water supply consumers --- risk --- water supply system --- failure risk analysis --- decision making model --- risk assessment methodology --- experiments --- ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry (UDV) --- flowmeters --- computational fluid dynamics (CFD) --- pipe system efficiency --- pressure reducing valves --- leakage reduction --- water-energy nexus --- air–water interface --- filling --- flow --- pipelines --- transient --- water management --- reservoirs --- hydropower plants --- pumped storage power plants --- hydropeaking --- environmental flows --- smart water management --- smart water grids --- water drinking network --- water losses --- energy production --- pumped-storage --- micro-hydropower --- water networks --- dimensional analysis --- pumping system --- safety and control --- hydraulic transients and CFD analyses --- water systems efficiency --- new design solutions and eco-design

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

New challenges in water systems toward safety, efficiency, reliability, and system flexibility will be fundamental in the near future. In this book, readers can find different approaches that include safety analysis, system efficiency improvements, and new innovative designs. The risk function is a measure of its vulnerability level and security loss. Analyses of transient flows associated with the most dangerous operating conditions, are compulsory to grant system liability in terms of water quantity, quality, and system management. Specific equipment, such as air valves, is used in pressurized water pipes to manage the air inside, associated with the emptying and filling process. Advanced tools are developed toward near-future smart water grids. The water system efficiency and water–energy nexus, through the implementation of suitable pressure control and energy recovery devices, as well as pumped-storage hydropower, provide guidelines toward the most technical and environmental cost-effective solutions. Integrated analysis of water and energy allows more reliable, flexible, and sustainable eco-design projects, reaching better resilience systems. Hydraulic simulators and computational fluid dynamics (CFD), conjugating with field or experimental tests, supported by advanced smart equipment, allow a better design, control, and complex event anticipation occurrence to attain high levels of water system security and efficiency.

trunk network --- water distribution network --- resilience --- optimization --- energy recovery --- pumps as turbines --- water distribution networks --- EPANET --- safe water --- air valve --- CFD --- hydraulic characterization --- entrapped air --- safety of water supply consumers --- risk --- water supply system --- failure risk analysis --- decision making model --- risk assessment methodology --- experiments --- ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry (UDV) --- flowmeters --- computational fluid dynamics (CFD) --- pipe system efficiency --- pressure reducing valves --- leakage reduction --- water-energy nexus --- air–water interface --- filling --- flow --- pipelines --- transient --- water management --- reservoirs --- hydropower plants --- pumped storage power plants --- hydropeaking --- environmental flows --- smart water management --- smart water grids --- water drinking network --- water losses --- energy production --- pumped-storage --- micro-hydropower --- water networks --- dimensional analysis --- pumping system --- safety and control --- hydraulic transients and CFD analyses --- water systems efficiency --- new design solutions and eco-design

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This book comprises components associated with smart water which aims at the exploitation and building of more sustainable and technological water networks towards the water–energy nexus and system efficiency. The implementation of modeling frameworks for measuring the performance based on a set of relevant indicators and data applications and model interfaces provides better support for decisions towards greater sustainability and more flexible and safer solutions. The hydraulic, management, and structural models represent the most effective and viable way to predict the behavior of the water networks under a wide range of conditions of demand and system failures. The knowledge of reliable parameters is crucial to develop approach models and, therefore, positive decisions in real time to be implemented in smart water systems. On the other hand, the models of operation in real-time optimization allow us to extend decisions to smart water systems in order to improve the efficiency of the water network and ensure more reliable and flexible operations, maximizing cost, environmental, and social savings associated with losses or failures. The data obtained in real time instantly update the network model towards digital water models, showing the characteristic parameters of pumps, valves, pressures, and flows, as well as hours of operation towards the lowest operating costs, in order to meet the requirement objectives for an efficient system.

History of engineering & technology --- seismic reliability --- water distribution system --- optimal layout --- Anytown network --- water network expansion --- water network capacity --- intermittent water supply --- theoretical maximum flow --- system setting curve --- demand estimation --- Kalman filter --- node grouping --- genetic algorithm --- smart water --- water-energy nexus --- energy efficiency --- sustainable water management --- energy recovering --- design criteria --- structure analysis --- suspended pipelines --- finite element method (FEM) --- SWMM Toolkit --- sewer system --- design --- optimization --- micro-hydropower --- water supply networks --- energy potential --- tubular propeller turbine --- energy recovery --- urban flooding --- centralized reservoir --- decentralized reservoir --- cooperative operation --- most stringent water resources management --- initial provincial water rights --- dynamic projection pursuit --- energy saving --- Pump As Turbine (PAT) --- PAT and pump system (P&amp --- P) --- pumping --- water hammer --- air vessel sizing --- energy storage --- dynamic behavior --- CAES --- irrigation water networks --- renewable energy --- sustainability and efficiency --- hydropower solutions --- water management --- air-water --- air pocket --- air valve --- hydraulic model --- pipeline --- emptying --- water supply --- seismic reliability --- water distribution system --- optimal layout --- Anytown network --- water network expansion --- water network capacity --- intermittent water supply --- theoretical maximum flow --- system setting curve --- demand estimation --- Kalman filter --- node grouping --- genetic algorithm --- smart water --- water-energy nexus --- energy efficiency --- sustainable water management --- energy recovering --- design criteria --- structure analysis --- suspended pipelines --- finite element method (FEM) --- SWMM Toolkit --- sewer system --- design --- optimization --- micro-hydropower --- water supply networks --- energy potential --- tubular propeller turbine --- energy recovery --- urban flooding --- centralized reservoir --- decentralized reservoir --- cooperative operation --- most stringent water resources management --- initial provincial water rights --- dynamic projection pursuit --- energy saving --- Pump As Turbine (PAT) --- PAT and pump system (P&amp --- P) --- pumping --- water hammer --- air vessel sizing --- energy storage --- dynamic behavior --- CAES --- irrigation water networks --- renewable energy --- sustainability and efficiency --- hydropower solutions --- water management --- air-water --- air pocket --- air valve --- hydraulic model --- pipeline --- emptying --- water supply