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This paper provides an analytical discussion of several interconnected resource allocation problems from under-pricing of electricity used by farmers for groundwater extraction. In these situations, groundwater extraction is inefficiently high even without electricity under-pricing. Moreover, part of the electric power supply intended for farmers is often diverted to other unauthorized uses (notably illicit consumption). The paper demonstrates that unless non-price electricity rationing imposes severe constraints on demand, the range of resource allocation problems includes insufficient incentives to provide high-level service by the power utility, insufficient incentives for farmers to install and operate efficient equipment, and losses due to political "rent seeking" activities to influence water allocations. It also shows that diversion of electricity to illicit uses can increase overall economic efficiency when this leads to less electricity use by farmers, thus somewhat ameliorating the problem of excessive groundwater extraction as well as the inefficiencies related to under-pricing of electricity. Systemic reforms for overcoming these problems may face severe political obstacles.

Agricultural water use --- Economic Theory & Research --- Electric Power --- Electricity subsidies --- Energy --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Environment --- Groundwater extraction --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Rent seeking --- Wastewater Treatment --- Water allocation inefficiencies --- Water and Industry

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Although water variability has already been observed across river basins, climate change is predicted to increase variability. Such environmental changes may aggravate political tensions, especially in regions that are not equipped with an appropriate institutional apparatus. Increased variability is also likely to challenge regions with existing institutional capacity. This paper argues that the best attempts to assess the ability of states to deal with variability in the future rest with considering how agreements have fared in the past. The paper investigates to what extent particular mechanisms and institutional designs help mitigate inter-country tensions over shared water. The analysis specifically focuses on identifying which water allocation mechanisms and institutional features provide better opportunities for mitigating conflict given that water allocation issues tend to be most salient among riparians. Water-related events from the Basins at Risk events database are used as the dependent variable to test hypotheses regarding the viability, or resilience, of treaties over time. Climatic, geographic, political, and economic variables are used as controls. The analysis is conducted for the years 1948-2001 with the country dyad as the level of observation. Findings pertaining to the primary explanatory variables suggest that country dyads governed by treaties with water allocation mechanisms exhibiting both flexibility and specificity evince more cooperative behavior. Country dyads governed by treaties with a larger sum of institutional mechanisms likewise evince a higher level of cooperation, although certain institutional mechanisms are more important than others.

Climate Change --- Common Property Resource Development --- Conflict --- Institutional Mechanisms --- International Water Law --- Rural Development --- Town Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water & Industry --- Water Allocation Mechanisms --- Water Resources --- Water Supply & Systems --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions --- Water Variability

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This paper assesses the impact of water supply variability on treaty cooperation between international bilateral river basin riparian states. Climate change is anticipated to change the variability of water supply, as well as its expected magnitude. Previous studies have focused mainly on water scarcity, measured in terms of mean precipitation or per capita water availability in the country, as a trigger for conflict or cooperation. The water variability measure used here captures both annual runoff variability and precipitation variability over periods of 30 and 100 years. The analysis used economic and international relations data to identify incentives for international cooperation in addressing water supply variability. The authors find that small-to-moderate increases in variability create an impetus for cooperation, although large increases in variability would reduce incentives for treaty cooperation. Stronger diplomatic and trade relations support cooperation, while uneven economic power inhibits cooperation. Various measures of democracy/governance suggest different impacts on cooperation across the basin riparians. The findings have policy implications in the context of preparedness for impacts of climate change on the water sector.

Allocation agreements --- Arid areas --- Climate change --- Climatic conditions --- Common Property Resource Development --- Drought Management --- Flow Regimes --- Hydrologic cycle --- Hydrological cycle --- Quality of water --- Riparian countries --- Riparian States --- River Basin --- River basins --- Rivers --- Rural Development --- Town Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water allocation --- Water and Industry --- Water availability --- Water resource --- Water Resources --- Water scarcity --- Water sector --- Water Supply --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions

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Three of the eleven papers focused on groundwater recharge and its impacts on the groundwater regime, in which recharge was caused by riverbed leakage from river ecological restoration (artificial water replenishment). The issues of the hydrogeological parameters involved (such as the influence radius) were also reconsidered. Six papers focused on the impact of river ecological replenishment and other human activities on river and watershed ecology, and on groundwater quality and use function. The issues of ecological security at the watershed scale and deterioration of groundwater quality were of particular concern. Two papers focused on water resources carrying capacity and water resources reallocation at the regional scale, in the context of the fact that ecological water demand has been a significant topic of concern. The use of unconventional water resources such as brackish water has been emphasized in the research in this issue.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- influence radius --- Dupuit --- Thiem --- groundwater flow system --- sustainable development --- hydrogeochemistry --- ionic ratios --- factor analysis --- inverse modeling --- Yangtze River --- water resources carrying capacity --- uncertainty analysis --- fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model --- weight sensitivity analysis --- Yongding River --- groundwater numerical simulation --- artificial ecological water supplement --- groundwater recharge resources amount evaluation --- alga control --- typical biological chain --- Ecopath model --- ecological restoration --- Lianshi Lake --- Songnen Plain --- groundwater --- fluorine --- distribution --- formation --- human health risk --- groundwater quality --- groundwater hydrochemistry --- drinking suitability --- irrigation suitability --- health risk assessment --- watershed ecological security assessment --- DPSIR model framework --- environmental management --- water allocation --- brackish water --- general algebraic modeling system --- water diversion project --- numerical simulation --- MODFLOW --- n/a

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Water resource management includes the consideration of all disciplines of hydrology and water sources. Water supplies are allocated and diverted to cover the water needs of a range of agricultural, municipal, industrial, hydro-electrical, and ecological water uses. These water uses are, usually, very competitive, as the available water resources are limited and it is not possible to cover the total water needs in a basin, requiring the setting of water use priorities to best serve societal and ecological needs. To manage the water resources and waterworks may, sometimes, lead to confrontational deliberations and negotiations. As a result, water resource management is one of the world’s greatest challenges due to competition for limited resources, regional disparities in water supply and affluence, mounting global water demand, aquifer depletion, and pollution- and climate-change-induced water stress. Proper policy and governance for sustainable water resource management is essential and require new fresh ideas, innovation, and international cooperation. This book includes seven papers by invited renowned researchers and engineers to cover issues of water resource management, governance, and policy. These issues include the following topics: Integrated water resource management; Water resource systems and water availability; National and international water policy, institutional arrangements, and water law; Water conflict resolution, public participation, and decision making; Water resource management, policy and governance in socially and environmentally sensitive areas and regions.

water allocation --- planning --- river/reservoir systems --- water availability modeling --- global change --- integrated assessment modelling --- system dynamics simulation --- water resources management --- water supply --- climate change --- earth system --- feedback --- conflicts --- environmental flows --- small-scale hydropower projects --- institutional change --- nestedness --- governance mode --- legal pluralism --- mulberry-dyke-fish pond ecosystem --- spatial evolution analysis --- remote sensing --- Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area --- prolonged drought --- scarcity --- indicators --- transboundary river basins --- Iberian Peninsula --- climate crisis --- water adaptation --- Greece --- Koronia lake --- sustainability --- Mygdonia Basin --- n/a --- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area