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Wastewater use in agriculture is a growing practice worldwide. Drivers include increasing water stress, in part due to climate change; increasing urbanization and growing wastewater flows; and more urban households engaged in agricultural activities. The problem with this trend is that in low-income countries, but also in many middle-income countries, it either involves the direct use of untreated wastewater or the indirect use of polluted waters from rivers that receive untreated urban discharges. This poses substantial risks, in particular microbial risks to public health. To address these risks, the World Health Organization in 2006 issued new guidelines for the safe use of wastewater.This paper aims to highlight the growing importance of improving wastewater use in agriculture across the spectrum from lower to high-income countries. It presents an innovative approach linking key issues related to different aspects of wastewater irrigation to a country's level of economic development. Based on data presented in the World Bank's World Development Report, it differentiates between four country income levels to create a typology for analyzing current issues, trends, and priorities for improving agricultural wastewater use with a focus on reducing the risks to public health. It also presents the basic principles of the new 2006 World Health Organization Guidelines, and how to apply them. Beyond regulatory aspects, the paper also discusses other aspects that are important for achieving a more integrated approach to agricultural wastewater use, including institutional/planning, technological, economic/financial, and social issues. Finally, the paper provides recommendations for moving the wastewater irrigation agenda forward.

Activated sludge --- Artificial groundwater --- Artificial groundwater recharge --- Biological processes --- Climate change --- Food security --- Irrigation water --- Municipal sewage --- Municipal wastewater --- Pollution --- Public health --- Rivers --- Sanitation and Sewerage --- Soil fertility --- Storm water --- Wastewater --- Wastewater management --- Wastewater reuse --- Wastewater Treatment --- Water and Industry --- Water Conservation --- Water pollution --- Water Resources --- Water supply --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Systems

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The papers selected for publication in the Special Issue “Urban and industrial wastewater disinfection and decontamination by Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs): current issues and future trends” and published in this book, include topics related with (waste)water treatment and its reuse, disinfection, and pollutant degradation, advancing the know-how of the topics or assessing their integration into the new age of the circular economy of water. Likewise, aspects such as modeling of degradation processes and new materials synthesis were published, aiming to improve, optimize and predict the efficacy of the existing or the novel treatment processes. Moreover, pilot plant operation and large-scale processes were featured, assessing the feasibility of these new treatment methods in real world applications. Overall, the Special Issue and this book present innovative solutions on the field of water and wastewater treatment, with a view on the future technologies that will form the next advances of the field.

Technology: general issues --- emerging pollutants --- advanced oxidation process --- water pollution --- ultrasound --- flower-like Bi2WO6 --- E.coli inactivation --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- photocatalysis --- solar disinfection --- water treatment --- pollution --- circular economy --- wastewater reuse --- zero waste --- zero energy --- substances recovery --- sustainable development goals --- heterogeneous photocatalysis --- titanium dioxide --- tin oxide --- graphene oxide --- chemical oxygen demand --- antibiotics --- wastewater --- removal efficiency --- slurry reactor --- computer-based learning --- solar photocatalysis --- water contaminants --- kinetic modeling --- photoreactor design --- UV-LED --- TiO2 --- hexacyanoferrate --- mining --- hydrothermal method --- elimination routes --- fresh urine --- pharmaceutical degradation --- processes selectivity --- theoretical analysis --- advanced oxidation --- membrane technology --- micropollutants --- biological contaminants --- cytotoxicity --- n/a

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Taking the papers’ collection of this Special Issue as a whole, it is clear that “Municipal Wastewater Management” is an ongoing field of research with the ability to incorporate current environmental and human health challenges. The use of municipal sewage to monitor COVID-19 virus circulation in communities and the estimation of possible outbreaks, even before clinical cases have been identified, is a fact that justifies this. In light of the Coronavirus pandemic, the interest of the impact that research on municipal wastewater management can have on improving humans’ health and protecting the environment is being rethought. In respect to this, there is an essential need for scientific publications that present varieties of case studies and discuss best practices, so as wastewater treatment plants to be seen not only as sites of pollutants removal but also as places where energy is efficiently used and environmental sustainability is being practiced, in close relation to the needs of the community. Viewed in this way, the papers’ collected in this Special Issue are looking forward to reach a broad readership that can gain awareness and understanding of their topics and be stimulated into future research and collaborations that would improve all stakeholders engagement in promoting a sustainable municipal wastewater management.

sewer corrosion --- biocorrosion --- concrete sewers --- ocean dumping --- sewage sludge --- capping method --- London Protocol --- least cost analysis --- integrated fixed-film activated sludge systems --- modified loofah sponge --- bio-carrier --- microbial density --- municipal wastewater --- Greece --- wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) --- history --- policy --- technology trends and applications --- microorganisms --- inactivation --- water matrix --- catalysts --- antibiotic-resistant bacteria --- resistance genes --- heterogeneous catalytic ozonation --- PZC --- p-CBA --- minerals --- thermal treatment --- micropollutants removal --- hybrid constructed wetland --- public acceptance --- wastewater reuse --- wastewater treatment --- waste-water management --- SCADA --- design optimization --- remote control --- IoT --- cloud computing --- disruptive innovation --- lifecycle --- water prices --- water tariffs --- sanitation taxes --- wastewater treatment costs --- energy costs --- household budgets --- screenings --- fats --- biogas potential --- wastewater treatment plant --- energy utilization --- anaerobic digestion --- n/a

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This book deals with the latest developments regarding urban and industrial wastewaters’ adapted treatment with various technologies. It focuses, through valuable publications, on the shifting of the wastewater management paradigm from “treatment and disposal” to “the 4Rs principle: Reduce, Recycle, Reuse, and Recover”. The adapted wastewater treatment step will allow (i) the disposal of supplementary water amounts that could be safely reused in order to tackle the water-scarcity problem, and (ii) the preservation of the environment against pollution. Finally, this book will contribute to the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and other international related initiatives.

OMWW --- drying --- water recovery --- water characterization --- sustainable development --- alternating current --- coupling --- hybrid material --- biosorption --- wastewater reuse --- protein adsorption --- neutral solute --- ultrafiltration --- selectivity modelling --- pore size distribution --- raw poultry manure --- pyrolysis --- biochar --- characterization --- leaching --- phosphorus --- potassium --- grey water --- SBR --- fouling --- zeta potential --- norovirus --- water reuse --- water quality --- mineral processing --- wastewater treatment --- flotation --- electrocoagulation (EC) --- chemical oxygen demand (COD) --- polyhydroxyalkanoates --- PHA --- PHBV --- mixed microbial culture --- green extraction --- dimethyl carbonate --- purification --- 1-butanol --- wastewater valorization --- reclaimed water --- circular economy --- anaerobic digestion --- biogas --- reuse --- water pricing --- water depletion --- industrial sector --- lignite --- heavy metals --- adsorption --- batch --- isotherm --- mechanism --- n/a

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The papers selected for publication in the Special Issue “Urban and industrial wastewater disinfection and decontamination by Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs): current issues and future trends” and published in this book, include topics related with (waste)water treatment and its reuse, disinfection, and pollutant degradation, advancing the know-how of the topics or assessing their integration into the new age of the circular economy of water. Likewise, aspects such as modeling of degradation processes and new materials synthesis were published, aiming to improve, optimize and predict the efficacy of the existing or the novel treatment processes. Moreover, pilot plant operation and large-scale processes were featured, assessing the feasibility of these new treatment methods in real world applications. Overall, the Special Issue and this book present innovative solutions on the field of water and wastewater treatment, with a view on the future technologies that will form the next advances of the field.

Technology: general issues --- emerging pollutants --- advanced oxidation process --- water pollution --- ultrasound --- flower-like Bi2WO6 --- E.coli inactivation --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- photocatalysis --- solar disinfection --- water treatment --- pollution --- circular economy --- wastewater reuse --- zero waste --- zero energy --- substances recovery --- sustainable development goals --- heterogeneous photocatalysis --- titanium dioxide --- tin oxide --- graphene oxide --- chemical oxygen demand --- antibiotics --- wastewater --- removal efficiency --- slurry reactor --- computer-based learning --- solar photocatalysis --- water contaminants --- kinetic modeling --- photoreactor design --- UV-LED --- TiO2 --- hexacyanoferrate --- mining --- hydrothermal method --- elimination routes --- fresh urine --- pharmaceutical degradation --- processes selectivity --- theoretical analysis --- advanced oxidation --- membrane technology --- micropollutants --- biological contaminants --- cytotoxicity --- emerging pollutants --- advanced oxidation process --- water pollution --- ultrasound --- flower-like Bi2WO6 --- E.coli inactivation --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- photocatalysis --- solar disinfection --- water treatment --- pollution --- circular economy --- wastewater reuse --- zero waste --- zero energy --- substances recovery --- sustainable development goals --- heterogeneous photocatalysis --- titanium dioxide --- tin oxide --- graphene oxide --- chemical oxygen demand --- antibiotics --- wastewater --- removal efficiency --- slurry reactor --- computer-based learning --- solar photocatalysis --- water contaminants --- kinetic modeling --- photoreactor design --- UV-LED --- TiO2 --- hexacyanoferrate --- mining --- hydrothermal method --- elimination routes --- fresh urine --- pharmaceutical degradation --- processes selectivity --- theoretical analysis --- advanced oxidation --- membrane technology --- micropollutants --- biological contaminants --- cytotoxicity