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China --- History --- Warring States --- 403-221 B.C.

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Warring States (China : 403-221 B.C.). --- 722-221 B.C. --- China --- China. --- History

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Warring States (China : 403-221 B.C.). --- 403-221 B.C. --- China --- China. --- History

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This study uncovers the traditions behind the formative Classic Shàngshū (Venerated Documents). It is the first to establish these traditions-"Shū" (Documents)-as a historically evolving practice of thought-production. By focusing on the literary form of the argument, it interprets the "Shū" as fluid text material that embodies the ever-changing cultural capital of projected conceptual communities. By showing how these communities actualised the "Shū" according to their changing visions of history and evolving group interests, the study establishes that by the Warring States period (ca. 453-221 BC) the "Shū" had become a literary genre employed by diverse groups to legitimize their own arguments. Through forms of textual performance, the "Shū" gave even peripheral communities the means to participate in political discourse by conferring their ideas with ancient authority. Analysing this dynamic environment of socio-political and philosophical change, this study speaks to the Early China field, as well as to those interested in meaning production and foundational text formation more widely.

HISTORY / Asia / China. --- Chinese Philosophy. --- Codicology. --- Genre. --- Text Performance. --- Text formation. --- Warring Statets Period. --- Zhou Dynasty. --- Warring States Period.

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Pyrrho of Elis went with Alexander the Great to Central Asia and India during the Greek invasion and conquest of the Persian Empire in 334-324 BC. There he met with early Buddhist masters. Greek Buddha shows how their Early Buddhism shaped the philosophy of Pyrrho, the famous founder of Pyrrhonian scepticism in ancient Greece.Christopher I. Beckwith traces the origins of a major tradition in Western philosophy to Gandhara, a country in Central Asia and northwestern India. He systematically examines the teachings and practices of Pyrrho and of Early Buddhism, including those preserved in testimonies by and about Pyrrho, in the report on Indian philosophy two decades later by the Seleucid ambassador Megasthenes, in the first-person edicts by the Indian king Devanampriya Priyadarsi referring to a popular variety of the Dharma in the early third century BC, and in Taoist echoes of Gautama's Dharma in Warring States China. Beckwith demonstrates how the teachings of Pyrrho agree closely with those of the Buddha Sakyamuni, "the Scythian Sage." In the process, he identifies eight distinct philosophical schools in ancient northwestern India and Central Asia, including Early Zoroastrianism, Early Brahmanism, and several forms of Early Buddhism. He then shows the influence that Pyrrho's brand of scepticism had on the evolution of Western thought, first in Antiquity, and later, during the Enlightenment, on the great philosopher and self-proclaimed Pyrrhonian, David Hume.Greek Buddha demonstrates that through Pyrrho, Early Buddhist thought had a major impact on Western philosophy.

Buddhism and philosophy. --- Buddhism --- Influence. --- History --- Pyrrhon, --- Aristocles passage. --- Buddha Sakyamuni. --- Buddha. --- Buddhism. --- Chinese philosophy. --- David Hume. --- Early Brahmanism. --- Early Buddhism. --- Early Pyrrhonism. --- Early Taoist texts. --- Early Zoroastrianism. --- Jade Yoga Inscription. --- Laotzu. --- Megasthenes. --- Normative Buddhism. --- Problem of Induction. --- Problem of the Criterion. --- Pyrrho of Elis. --- Pyrrho. --- Pyrrhonian scepticism. --- Warring States period. --- Western philosophy. --- ancient Greece. --- epistemology. --- ethical matters. --- pragmata.