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In the last decades, Brazil experienced a historical decline in its wage inequality level, particularly in the first decade of the 21^st century. This paper reviews the literature that attempted to explain the observed pattern. It considers mechanisms related to the supply and demand for labor, as well as institutional factors. The paper argues that the favorable economic environment in the period, combined with increases in the minimum wage, higher formalization, and a larger supply of skilled workers led to a compression in wages. However, some aspects of the decline in wage inequality are still unanswered, such as the causes behind a reduction in the experience premium and interfirm payment heterogeneity, as well as the exact role of technological changes. The paper concludes by discussing future trends in wage inequality in Brazil.

Gender --- Gender and Development --- Gender and Poverty --- Income Distribution --- Inequality --- Labor Markets --- Poverty --- Skill Premium --- Social Protections and Labor --- Wage Inequality --- Wages, Compensation and Benefits

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In Armenia, the proportion of women among employed workers increased from 45 to 48 percent between 2008 and 2015. This evolution was accompanied by a fall in the gender earnings gap; however, the difference in average wages of men and women is still among the largest in comparison with countries in the Europe and Central Asia region. This study documents the gender wage gap in Armenia through stylized facts and further investigates its sources. The paper finds that the gender wage gap in hourly pay is 20 percent on average. Looking at the different percentiles, the disparity in wages in Armenia in 2015 shows an inverted U-shaped form with a larger differential in wages between men and women in the middle of the distribution. Using a reweighted, re-centered influence function decomposition, the analysis estimates the contribution of each covariate on the wage structure and composition effects along the wage distribution. The decomposition shows that the wage gap in Armenia is mostly driven by the wage structure effect (unexplained component), which accounts for almost all the wage gap in the middle part of the distribution (30th to 55th percentiles) and is even greater at the top, but better endowments of women offset it to some extent. In the bottom part of the distribution however, the composition effect is larger, consistent with lower endowments among women, for example, of skills and human capital.

Education --- Educational Sciences --- Gender --- Gender & Development --- Inequality --- Labor Markets --- Poverty Reduction --- Social Protections and Labor --- Wage --- Wage Gap --- Wage Inequality --- Wages Compensation & Benefits

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This paper evaluates the impact of market-oriented structural reforms, in particular labor market policies, social assistance programs, and trade liberalization on long run unemployment, wage inequality, and the distribution of employment across sectors in a small open economy with search frictions and idiosyncratic productivity shocks. The paper builds a search and matching model of a labor market with a large informal sector and estimates the model using Colombian household-level data. Changes in labor taxes may have sizable aggregate, compositional, and distributional effects if workers associate high payroll taxes with more valuable and efficient social security services. The higher is the valuation of the services, the higher is the reduction in the log-wage gap. An expansion of public health insurance to informal sector workers has minor aggregate and distributional effects. Changes in relative prices that negatively affect the relative profitability of the formal sector have quite sizable aggregate effects, producing more long-run unemployment and informality, and increasing unemployment duration.

Developing Economy --- Employment and Unemployment --- Health Care Services Industry --- Industry --- Informality --- Labor Markets --- Payroll Taxes --- Rural Development --- Rural Labor Markets --- Social Protections and Labor --- Subsidized Health --- Unemployment --- Wage Inequality

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The food system is broken, but there is a revolution underway to fix it. Bite Back presents an urgent call to action and a vision for disrupting corporate power in the food system, a vision shared with countless organizers and advocates worldwide. In this provocative and inspiring new book, editors Saru Jayaraman and Kathryn De Master bring together leading experts and activists who are challenging corporate power by addressing injustices in our food system, from wage inequality to environmental destruction to corporate bullying.In paired chapters, authors present a problem arising from corporate control of the food system and then recount how an organizing campaign successfully tackled it. This unique solutions-oriented book allows readers to explore the core contemporary challenges embedded in our food system and learn how we can push back against corporate greed to benefit workers and consumers everywhere.

Food security --- agriculture. --- agrofood system. --- alternative food. --- anti hunger activists. --- big agriculture. --- collective action. --- consumption. --- corporations. --- crops. --- drought. --- environment. --- environmentalism. --- ethical consumption. --- ethical eating. --- famine. --- farming. --- food deserts. --- food movements. --- food sovereignty. --- food system. --- globalization. --- good food movement. --- inequality. --- injustice. --- labor industrial relations. --- labor organizing. --- local food. --- nonfiction. --- pesticides. --- planting. --- politics. --- poverty. --- seeds. --- social justice. --- sustainability. --- wage inequality. --- workers rights.

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"Thomas Piketty wrote The Economics of Inequality as an introduction to the conceptual and factual background necessary for interpreting changes in economic inequality over time. Piketty begins by explaining how inequality evolves and how economists measure it. In subsequent chapters, he explores variances in income and ownership of capital and the variety of policies used to reduce these gaps. Along the way, with characteristic clarity and precision, he introduces key ideas about the relationship between labor and capital, the effects of different systems of taxation, the distinction between 'historical' and 'political' time, the impact of education and technological change, the nature of capital markets, the role of unions, and apparent tensions between the pursuit of efficiency and the pursuit of fairness"--Provided by publisher.

Income distribution. --- Equality --- Egalitarianism --- Inequality --- Social equality --- Social inequality --- Political science --- Sociology --- Democracy --- Liberty --- Distribution of income --- Income inequality --- Inequality of income --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Disposable income --- Economic aspects. --- Income distribution --- Economic aspects --- E-books --- Equality Economic aspects --- capital labor split. --- elasticity substitution. --- free market economy. --- human capital. --- income tax. --- inflation. --- insurance. --- marginal rates. --- minimum wage. --- price system. --- private property. --- purchasing power. --- redistribution wealth. --- social justice. --- standard living. --- supply demand. --- unemployment. --- wage inequality.