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This special volume aims to collecg new ideas and contributions at the frontier between the fields of data handling, processing and modeling for volcanic and seismic systems. Technological evolution, as well as the increasing availability of new sensors and platforms, and freely available data, pose a new challenge to the scientific community in the development new tools and methods that can integrate and process different information. The recent growth in multi-sensor monitoring networks and satellites, along with the exponential increase in the spatiotemporal data, has revealed an increasingly compelling need to develop data processing, analysis and modeling tools. Data processing, analysis and modeling techniques may allow significant information to be identified and integrated into volcanic/seismological monitoring systems. The newly developed technology is expected to improve operational hazard detection, alerting, and management abilities.

Technology: general issues --- Environmental science, engineering & technology --- seismic swarm --- relocated aftershocks --- transition zone --- b value temporal variation --- central Ionian Islands (Greece) --- volcanic eruptions --- volcanic plumes --- CO2 flux --- DIAL-Lidar --- data processing techniques --- SAR --- InSAR --- ground deformation --- Sentinel-1 --- volcano monitoring --- GNSS --- seismicity --- slope instability --- MT-InSAR --- volcanoes --- ASTER --- Robust Satellite Techniques --- Google Earth Engine --- volcanic mounds --- seismic time and depth processing --- MVA --- CO2 storage --- volcano geodesy --- multidisciplinary monitoring --- paroxysms --- lava fountain --- volcanic eruption --- modeling --- tilt --- GPS --- seismic swarm --- relocated aftershocks --- transition zone --- b value temporal variation --- central Ionian Islands (Greece) --- volcanic eruptions --- volcanic plumes --- CO2 flux --- DIAL-Lidar --- data processing techniques --- SAR --- InSAR --- ground deformation --- Sentinel-1 --- volcano monitoring --- GNSS --- seismicity --- slope instability --- MT-InSAR --- volcanoes --- ASTER --- Robust Satellite Techniques --- Google Earth Engine --- volcanic mounds --- seismic time and depth processing --- MVA --- CO2 storage --- volcano geodesy --- multidisciplinary monitoring --- paroxysms --- lava fountain --- volcanic eruption --- modeling --- tilt --- GPS

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This special volume aims to collecg new ideas and contributions at the frontier between the fields of data handling, processing and modeling for volcanic and seismic systems. Technological evolution, as well as the increasing availability of new sensors and platforms, and freely available data, pose a new challenge to the scientific community in the development new tools and methods that can integrate and process different information. The recent growth in multi-sensor monitoring networks and satellites, along with the exponential increase in the spatiotemporal data, has revealed an increasingly compelling need to develop data processing, analysis and modeling tools. Data processing, analysis and modeling techniques may allow significant information to be identified and integrated into volcanic/seismological monitoring systems. The newly developed technology is expected to improve operational hazard detection, alerting, and management abilities.

seismic swarm --- relocated aftershocks --- transition zone --- b value temporal variation --- central Ionian Islands (Greece) --- volcanic eruptions --- volcanic plumes --- CO2 flux --- DIAL-Lidar --- data processing techniques --- SAR --- InSAR --- ground deformation --- Sentinel-1 --- volcano monitoring --- GNSS --- seismicity --- slope instability --- MT-InSAR --- volcanoes --- ASTER --- Robust Satellite Techniques --- Google Earth Engine --- volcanic mounds --- seismic time and depth processing --- MVA --- CO2 storage --- volcano geodesy --- multidisciplinary monitoring --- paroxysms --- lava fountain --- volcanic eruption --- modeling --- tilt --- GPS --- n/a

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This Special Issue comprises 12 papers from authors in 10 countries with new insights on the close coupling between magma as an energy and fluid source with hydrothermal systems for the primary control of magmatic behavior. Data and interpretation are provided on the rise of magma through a hydrothermal system, the relative timing of magmatic and hydrothermal events, the temporal evolution of supercritical aqueous fluids associated with ore formation, the magmatic and meteoric contributions of water to the systems, the big picture for the highly active Krafla Caldera, Iceland, as well as the implications of results from drilling at Krafla concerning the magma–hydrothermal boundary. Some of the more provocative concepts are that magma can intrude a hydrothermal system silently, that coplanar and coeval seismic events signal “magma fracking” beneath active volcanoes, that intrusive accumulations may far outlast volcanism, that arid climate favors formation of large magma chambers, and that even relatively dry rhyolite magma can rapidly convect and so lack a crystallizing mush roof. A shared theme is that hydrothermal and magmatic reservoirs need to be treated as a single system.

la soufrière --- guadeloupe --- volcanic gas --- volcanic unrest --- hydrothermal gas --- multigas --- extensometry --- Krafla volcano --- geothermal systems --- conceptual models --- volcanology --- magma --- hydrothermal --- fracking --- volcanoes --- Kamchatka --- igneous petrology --- tectonics --- heat flow --- glaciation --- climate --- incremental pluton emplacement --- contact metamorphism --- petrochronology --- titanite --- zircon --- U-Pb dating --- thermometry --- hydrothermal fluids --- incremental intrusion --- hydrothermal fluid --- microstructure --- dissolution --- precipitation --- textural coarsening --- alteration --- porosity --- eruption --- fracture --- permeability --- dome emplacement --- hydrothermal system --- RSAM --- tremor --- gliding spectral lines --- White Island --- phreatic eruptions --- geyser --- Uzon --- CO2 --- TOUGH2 --- modeling --- Kirishima volcano group --- Ebinokogen Ioyama volcano --- geothermal activity --- multiple hydrothermal system --- magmatic hydrothermal eruption --- kick upwelling --- Erdenet Cu–Mo deposit --- cathodoluminescence --- supercritical fluid --- transient fluid pressure --- magmatic-hydrothermal system --- fluid inclusion --- magma energy --- magma convection --- heat flux --- geothermal energy --- magma–hydrothermal --- heat transport --- gas and fluid geochemistry --- phreatic eruption --- volcano monitoring --- geophysical imaging --- drilling

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The monitoring of active volcanoes is a complex task based on multidisciplinary and integrated analyses that use ground, drones and satellite monitoring devices. Over time, and with the development of new technologies and increasing frequency of acquisition, the use of remote sensing to accomplish this important task has grown enormously. This is especially so with the use of drones and satellites for classifying eruptive events and detecting the opening of new vents, the spreading of lava flows on the surface or ash plumes in the atmosphere, the fallout of tephra on the ground, the intrusion of new magma within the volcano edifice, and the deformation preceding impending eruptions, and many other factors. The main challenge in using remote sensing techniques is to develop automated and reliable systems that may assist the decision maker in volcano monitoring, hazard assessment and risk reduction. The integration with ground-based techniques represents a valuable additional aspect that makes the proposed methods more robust and reinforces the results obtained. This collection of papers is focused on several active volcanoes, such as Stromboli, Etna, and Volcano in Italy; the Long Valley caldera and Kilauea volcano in the USA; and Cotopaxi in Ecuador.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- Stromboli volcano --- effusive activity --- satellite thermal imagery --- ground-based thermal imagery --- cinder cone instability --- pyroclastic density currents --- Etna volcano --- lava fountain --- paroxysmal explosive eruptions --- ash plume height --- Landsat 8 satellite images --- mass discharge rate time-series --- paroxysmal explosions --- major explosive events --- ground and remote sensing monitoring --- classification of mild Strombolian events --- lava delta --- slope failure --- repeated bathymetric surveys --- digital elevation models --- LiDAR --- PLÉIADES --- morphological monitoring --- tephra --- remote sensing --- plume height --- mass eruption rate --- total erupted mass --- total grain-size distribution --- paroxysmal explosive and effusive episodes --- ash plume --- volcano monitoring --- volcanic hazard --- numerical modeling --- Long Valley Caldera --- deformation and gravity joint inversion --- topography correction --- heterogenous crust --- FEM --- source parameters --- intrusion density --- Cotopaxi volcano --- 1877 eruption --- primary lahars --- drone-imagery --- geological mapping --- lahar hazard assessment --- integrated DInSAR and GNSS time series --- geodetic dataset --- volcanic deformation --- early warning applications --- natural hazards --- SO2 flux --- CO2 flux --- heat flux --- Vulcano Island --- geochemical crisis --- extensive parameters --- eruption precursors --- neural networks --- self-organizing map --- seismo-acoustic signals --- ground-based visible and thermal imagery --- ground deformation --- volcano deformation --- automated detection --- lava fountains --- n/a --- PLÉIADES

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Remote sensing data and methods are increasingly being implemented in assessments of volcanic processes and risk. This happens thanks to their capability to provide a spectrum of observation and measurement opportunities to accurately sense the dynamics, magnitude, frequency, and impacts of volcanic activity. This book includes research papers on the use of satellite, aerial, and ground-based remote sensing to detect thermal features and anomalies, investigate lava and pyroclastic flows, predict the flow path of lahars, measure gas emissions and plumes, and estimate ground deformation. The multi-disciplinary character of the approaches employed for volcano monitoring and the combination of a variety of sensor types, platforms, and methods that come out from the papers testify to the current scientific and technology trends toward multi-data and multi-sensor monitoring solutions. The added value of the papers lies in the demonstration of how remote sensing can improve our knowledge of volcanoes that pose a threat to local communities; back-analysis and critical revision of recent volcanic eruptions and unrest periods; and improvement of modeling and prediction methods. Therefore, the selected case studies also demonstrate the societal impact that this scientific discipline can potentially have on volcanic hazard and risk management.

Research & information: general --- volcanic thermal anomalies --- change detection --- Villarrica Volcano --- small satellites --- FireBIRD --- TET-1 --- gas emission monitoring --- X-band InSAR --- scanning Mini-DOAS --- Multi-GAS --- volcanic gases --- precipitable water vapor --- radar path delay --- Láscar volcano --- Mt. Etna --- multi-platform satellite observations --- RSTVOLC --- Stromboli volcano --- landslides --- effusive activity --- Ground-Based InSAR --- infrared live cam --- seismic monitoring --- PLEIADES --- Digital Elevation Models --- optical sensors --- volcano remote sensing --- volcano deformation --- SAR interferometry --- post-unrest deflation --- inversion modelling --- Santorini --- hyperspectral --- FENIX --- lava field --- SMACC --- LSMA --- volcano monitoring --- thermal imaging --- time series --- Seasonal-Trend Decomposition --- heat flux --- emissivity --- lava flow modeling --- remote sensing --- volcanic eruption interpretation --- eruption forecasting --- MSG SEVIRI --- wavelet --- thermal measurements --- lava fountain --- lava flow --- Mt.Etna --- eruptive style --- Timanfaya volcanic area --- HDR geothermal systems --- GPR --- EMI --- magnetic anomalies --- seasonality --- lahars hazard --- magma accumulation --- pyroclastic flows --- ash plumes --- volcanic cloud --- Landsat 8 --- elevation model --- Volcán de Colima --- lava flow volume estimation --- SPOT --- EO-1 ALI --- MODIS data --- SENTINEL-2 images --- infrasonic activity --- open-vent activity --- fissural eruption --- long- and short-term precursors --- SO2 fluxes --- UV Camera --- Etna Volcano --- explosive basaltic volcanism --- Bezymianny --- monitoring --- lava dome --- inflation --- SAR imaging --- radar pixel offsets --- acoustic infrasound --- volcanic emissions --- ground-based remote sensing --- Sentinel missions --- Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) --- Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging --- InSAR processing --- infrared remote sensing --- SO2 gas emission --- satellite remote sensing --- ash fall --- lava flows --- pyroclastic density currents --- mapping --- volcanic hazard --- gas emissions --- edifice growth and collapse --- volcanic unrest --- thermal anomalies --- volcanic thermal anomalies --- change detection --- Villarrica Volcano --- small satellites --- FireBIRD --- TET-1 --- gas emission monitoring --- X-band InSAR --- scanning Mini-DOAS --- Multi-GAS --- volcanic gases --- precipitable water vapor --- radar path delay --- Láscar volcano --- Mt. Etna --- multi-platform satellite observations --- RSTVOLC --- Stromboli volcano --- landslides --- effusive activity --- Ground-Based InSAR --- infrared live cam --- seismic monitoring --- PLEIADES --- Digital Elevation Models --- optical sensors --- volcano remote sensing --- volcano deformation --- SAR interferometry --- post-unrest deflation --- inversion modelling --- Santorini --- hyperspectral --- FENIX --- lava field --- SMACC --- LSMA --- volcano monitoring --- thermal imaging --- time series --- Seasonal-Trend Decomposition --- heat flux --- emissivity --- lava flow modeling --- remote sensing --- volcanic eruption interpretation --- eruption forecasting --- MSG SEVIRI --- wavelet --- thermal measurements --- lava fountain --- lava flow --- Mt.Etna --- eruptive style --- Timanfaya volcanic area --- HDR geothermal systems --- GPR --- EMI --- magnetic anomalies --- seasonality --- lahars hazard --- magma accumulation --- pyroclastic flows --- ash plumes --- volcanic cloud --- Landsat 8 --- elevation model --- Volcán de Colima --- lava flow volume estimation --- SPOT --- EO-1 ALI --- MODIS data --- SENTINEL-2 images --- infrasonic activity --- open-vent activity --- fissural eruption --- long- and short-term precursors --- SO2 fluxes --- UV Camera --- Etna Volcano --- explosive basaltic volcanism --- Bezymianny --- monitoring --- lava dome --- inflation --- SAR imaging --- radar pixel offsets --- acoustic infrasound --- volcanic emissions --- ground-based remote sensing --- Sentinel missions --- Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) --- Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging --- InSAR processing --- infrared remote sensing --- SO2 gas emission --- satellite remote sensing --- ash fall --- lava flows --- pyroclastic density currents --- mapping --- volcanic hazard --- gas emissions --- edifice growth and collapse --- volcanic unrest --- thermal anomalies