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Visible light communication (VLC) using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or laser diodes (LDs) has been envisioned as one of the key enabling technologies for 6G and Internet of Things (IoT) systems, owing to its appealing advantages, including abundant and unregulated spectrum resources, no electromagnetic interference (EMI) radiation and high security. However, despite its many advantages, VLC faces several technical challenges, such as the limited bandwidth and severe nonlinearity of opto-electronic devices, link blockage and user mobility. Therefore, significant efforts are needed from the global VLC community to develop VLC technology further. This Special Issue, “Visible Light Communication (VLC)”, provides an opportunity for global researchers to share their new ideas and cutting-edge techniques to address the above-mentioned challenges. The 16 papers published in this Special Issue represent the fascinating progress of VLC in various contexts, including general indoor and underwater scenarios, and the emerging application of machine learning/artificial intelligence (ML/AI) techniques in VLC.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- visible light communication (VLC) --- dimming control --- constant transmission efficiency --- error performance --- light-emitting diode (LED) --- visible light communications --- deep learning --- bit error rate --- orthogonal frequency division multiplexing --- index modulation --- POF --- FSO --- LiFi --- LED --- orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) --- power efficiency --- peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) --- pre-distorted enhanced --- underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) --- ADO-OFDM --- gamma-gamma function --- full-duplex --- long-reach --- photon counting --- vehicular visible light communication (VVLC) --- intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) --- the number of mirrors --- energy efficiency (EE) --- carrierless amplitude and phase (CAP) modulation --- pairwise coding (PWC) --- dual-mode index modulation (DM) --- chaotic encryption --- visible light positioning (VLP) --- free-space communication --- RGB LED --- non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) --- superposition constellation adjustment --- successive interference cancellation --- bit error ratio --- NOMA triangle --- underwater wireless optical communication --- temporal dispersion --- bandwidth limitation --- Monte Carlo method --- maximum likelihood sequence estimation --- visible light communication --- nonlinear equalization --- reservoir computing --- neural network (NN) --- autoencoder (AE) --- transceiver design --- nonlinearity --- VLC --- predistortion --- coefficient approximation --- BLSTM --- orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing --- sampling frequency offset --- visible light communications (VLC) --- mmWave communications --- channel modeling --- channel propagation characteristics --- path loss --- delay spread (DS) --- Ricean K-factor --- cluster characteristics --- visible light communication (VLC) --- dimming control --- constant transmission efficiency --- error performance --- light-emitting diode (LED) --- visible light communications --- deep learning --- bit error rate --- orthogonal frequency division multiplexing --- index modulation --- POF --- FSO --- LiFi --- LED --- orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) --- power efficiency --- peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) --- pre-distorted enhanced --- underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) --- ADO-OFDM --- gamma-gamma function --- full-duplex --- long-reach --- photon counting --- vehicular visible light communication (VVLC) --- intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) --- the number of mirrors --- energy efficiency (EE) --- carrierless amplitude and phase (CAP) modulation --- pairwise coding (PWC) --- dual-mode index modulation (DM) --- chaotic encryption --- visible light positioning (VLP) --- free-space communication --- RGB LED --- non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) --- superposition constellation adjustment --- successive interference cancellation --- bit error ratio --- NOMA triangle --- underwater wireless optical communication --- temporal dispersion --- bandwidth limitation --- Monte Carlo method --- maximum likelihood sequence estimation --- visible light communication --- nonlinear equalization --- reservoir computing --- neural network (NN) --- autoencoder (AE) --- transceiver design --- nonlinearity --- VLC --- predistortion --- coefficient approximation --- BLSTM --- orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing --- sampling frequency offset --- visible light communications (VLC) --- mmWave communications --- channel modeling --- channel propagation characteristics --- path loss --- delay spread (DS) --- Ricean K-factor --- cluster characteristics

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Connected and automated vehicles have revolutionized the way we move, granting new services on roads. This Special Issue collects contributions that address reliable and ultra-low-latency vehicular applications that range from advancements at the access layer, such as using the visible light spectrum to accommodate ultra-low-latency applications, to data dissemination solutions. Further, articles discuss edge computing, neural network-based techniques, and the use of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) to boost throughput and enhance coverage.

vehicular networks --- 5G --- C-RAN --- resource allocation --- edge computing --- optimization --- vehicle-to-everything communication --- pedestrian --- vehicles --- safety --- automotive --- damper --- convolutional neural networks --- fault detection --- diagnosis --- machine learning --- deep learning --- connected vehicles --- reconfigurable meta-surface --- smart environment --- cooperative driving --- vulnerable road user detection --- collision probability --- probabilistic flooding --- vehicular communication --- visible light communications --- 5G networks --- smart vehicles --- field trials --- infrastructure-to-vehicle --- vehicle-to-vehicle --- Intelligent Transportation Systems --- Visible Light Communication --- Fresnel lenses --- AODV --- end-to-end delay --- packet loss ratio --- throughput --- VANET --- n/a

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Visible light communication (VLC) using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or laser diodes (LDs) has been envisioned as one of the key enabling technologies for 6G and Internet of Things (IoT) systems, owing to its appealing advantages, including abundant and unregulated spectrum resources, no electromagnetic interference (EMI) radiation and high security. However, despite its many advantages, VLC faces several technical challenges, such as the limited bandwidth and severe nonlinearity of opto-electronic devices, link blockage and user mobility. Therefore, significant efforts are needed from the global VLC community to develop VLC technology further. This Special Issue, “Visible Light Communication (VLC)”, provides an opportunity for global researchers to share their new ideas and cutting-edge techniques to address the above-mentioned challenges. The 16 papers published in this Special Issue represent the fascinating progress of VLC in various contexts, including general indoor and underwater scenarios, and the emerging application of machine learning/artificial intelligence (ML/AI) techniques in VLC.

visible light communication (VLC) --- dimming control --- constant transmission efficiency --- error performance --- light-emitting diode (LED) --- visible light communications --- deep learning --- bit error rate --- orthogonal frequency division multiplexing --- index modulation --- POF --- FSO --- LiFi --- LED --- orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) --- power efficiency --- peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) --- pre-distorted enhanced --- underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) --- ADO-OFDM --- gamma–gamma function --- full-duplex --- long-reach --- photon counting --- vehicular visible light communication (VVLC) --- intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) --- the number of mirrors --- energy efficiency (EE) --- carrierless amplitude and phase (CAP) modulation --- pairwise coding (PWC) --- dual-mode index modulation (DM) --- chaotic encryption --- visible light positioning (VLP) --- free-space communication --- RGB LED --- non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) --- superposition constellation adjustment --- successive interference cancellation --- bit error ratio --- NOMA triangle --- underwater wireless optical communication --- temporal dispersion --- bandwidth limitation --- Monte Carlo method --- maximum likelihood sequence estimation --- visible light communication --- nonlinear equalization --- reservoir computing --- neural network (NN) --- autoencoder (AE) --- transceiver design --- nonlinearity --- VLC --- predistortion --- coefficient approximation --- BLSTM --- orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing --- sampling frequency offset --- visible light communications (VLC) --- mmWave communications --- channel modeling --- channel propagation characteristics --- path loss --- delay spread (DS) --- Ricean K-factor --- cluster characteristics --- n/a --- gamma-gamma function

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Connected and automated vehicles have revolutionized the way we move, granting new services on roads. This Special Issue collects contributions that address reliable and ultra-low-latency vehicular applications that range from advancements at the access layer, such as using the visible light spectrum to accommodate ultra-low-latency applications, to data dissemination solutions. Further, articles discuss edge computing, neural network-based techniques, and the use of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) to boost throughput and enhance coverage.

History of engineering & technology --- vehicular networks --- 5G --- C-RAN --- resource allocation --- edge computing --- optimization --- vehicle-to-everything communication --- pedestrian --- vehicles --- safety --- automotive --- damper --- convolutional neural networks --- fault detection --- diagnosis --- machine learning --- deep learning --- connected vehicles --- reconfigurable meta-surface --- smart environment --- cooperative driving --- vulnerable road user detection --- collision probability --- probabilistic flooding --- vehicular communication --- visible light communications --- 5G networks --- smart vehicles --- field trials --- infrastructure-to-vehicle --- vehicle-to-vehicle --- Intelligent Transportation Systems --- Visible Light Communication --- Fresnel lenses --- AODV --- end-to-end delay --- packet loss ratio --- throughput --- VANET --- vehicular networks --- 5G --- C-RAN --- resource allocation --- edge computing --- optimization --- vehicle-to-everything communication --- pedestrian --- vehicles --- safety --- automotive --- damper --- convolutional neural networks --- fault detection --- diagnosis --- machine learning --- deep learning --- connected vehicles --- reconfigurable meta-surface --- smart environment --- cooperative driving --- vulnerable road user detection --- collision probability --- probabilistic flooding --- vehicular communication --- visible light communications --- 5G networks --- smart vehicles --- field trials --- infrastructure-to-vehicle --- vehicle-to-vehicle --- Intelligent Transportation Systems --- Visible Light Communication --- Fresnel lenses --- AODV --- end-to-end delay --- packet loss ratio --- throughput --- VANET

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This book presents fourteen state-of-the-art research papers prepared by research scientists and engineers around the world. They explore the subject of scour related to bridge piers, monopiles, propellers, turbines, weirs, dams, grade-control structures, and pipelines. Their works are based on three different research methodologies, namely experimental, numerical, and field approaches.

Technology: general issues --- seabed scour --- tidal current turbine --- ocean renewable energy --- ship twin-propeller --- jet --- scour --- 3D printing --- visible light communication system --- offshore wind turbine foundation --- early warning monitoring --- life cycle --- cylindrical pier --- local scour --- anti-scour collar --- bridge --- experiment --- scour protection --- scour development --- optimal design --- complex bridge pier --- pier-pier proximity --- temporal evolution --- equilibrium scour pattern --- bed-form migration --- scour predictor evaluation --- propeller jet --- confined propeller scour --- energy spectra --- turbulence --- vortex system --- downward seepage --- pier --- turbulent statistics --- bridge foundations --- supercritical flows --- sediment hydraulics --- two-phase flow --- pipeline --- numerical modeling --- turbulence modeling --- sediment transport --- clear-water scour --- submerged weir --- temporal development --- bed morphology --- bridge scour --- general scour --- grade control --- dredging --- reservoir sedimentation --- replenishment --- cohesive sediment --- horseshoe vortex --- pile scour --- waves and currents --- computational fluid dynamics --- REEF3D --- scour and erosion --- time scale of local scour --- blockage ratio --- research approaches