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The structure, uniformity, stability, and functions of virus-like particles (VLPs) have encouraged scientists to utilize them as a unique tool in various applications in biomedical fields. Their interaction with the innate immune system is of major importance for the adaptive immune response they induce. The innate immune cells and molecules recognize and interact with VLPs on the basis of two major characteristics: size and surface geometry. VLP-based vaccines against hepatitis B, human papilloma, malaria, and hepatitis E have been developed and are available in many countries around the world. Given the inherent immunogenicity of VLPs, they render themselves ideal for the development of new vaccines against infectious diseases as well as noncommunicable diseases, such as chronic inflammation or cancer. This Special Issue is designed to provide an up-to-date view of the latest progress in the development of VLP-based prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines and technologies for their generation.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- virus-like particle --- influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 --- vaccination --- pregnant women --- antibody titers --- norovirus --- VLP --- vaccine --- genotype --- pre-existing immunity --- cross-reactivity --- blocking antibodies --- original antigenic sin (OAS) --- HPVs --- vaccines --- virus-like particles (VLPs) --- minor capsid protein (L2) --- HCMV --- cytomegalovirus --- nanoparticle --- immune response --- Sudan virus --- mice --- horse --- purified IgG --- long-lived plasma cells --- antibodies --- multivalency --- virus-like particles --- antigenic analysis --- epitope characterization --- hepatitis E vaccine --- serological evaluation --- virion-like epitopes --- well-characterized vaccines --- hepatitis B virus --- surface (envelope) antigen --- sub-viral particle --- capsid --- antigen display --- platform --- viral quantification --- NTA --- flow virometry --- SRFM --- cryo-TEM --- SEM --- plant virus --- virus-like --- vaccine platform --- epitope --- antigen --- cat allergy --- Fel d 1 --- HypoCat™ --- IL-13 --- interleukin-13 --- Tfh cells --- cancer --- immunotherapy --- H7N9 --- pandemic influenza A --- avian flu --- IAV --- VLP vaccine --- n/a

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A virus is considered a nanoscale organic material that can infect and replicate only inside the living cells of other organisms, ranging from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. The structure of viruses consists of two main parts: the genetic material from either DNA or RNA that carries genetic information, and a protein coat, called the capsid, which surrounds and protects the genetic material. By inserting the gene encoding functional proteins into the viral genome, the functional proteins can be genetically displayed on the protein coat to form bioengineered viruses. Therefore, viruses can be considered biological nanoparticles with genetically tunable surface chemistry and can serve as models for developing virus-like nanoparticles and even nanostructures. Via this process of viral display, bioengineered viruses can be mass-produced with lower cost and potentially used for energy and biomedical applications. This book highlights the recent developments and future directions of virus-based nanomaterials and nanostructures. The virus-based biomimetic materials formulated using innovative ideas were characterized for the applications of biosensors and nanocarriers. The research contributions and trends on virus-based materials covering energy harvesting devices to tissue regeneration in the last two decades are discussed.

virus-like particles --- glioblastoma --- convection-enhanced delivery --- tobacco mosaic virus --- bioconjugation --- doxorubicin --- drug delivery --- protein-based nanomaterials --- viral capsid --- VLPs --- hepatitis B virus capsid protein --- HBc --- viral self-assembly --- magnetic core --- HBcAg --- BmNPV bacmid --- nanobiomaterials --- Neospora caninum --- Neospora caninum profilin --- neosporosis --- silkworm expression system --- ZnS --- bio/inorganic hybrid materials --- hydrophobization --- polymer coupling --- virus --- tissue regeneration --- biomimetic nanocomposites --- phage display --- nano-vaccines --- HIV-1 Env trimers --- B-cell targeting --- intrastructural help --- VNPs --- Hsp60 --- IBD --- autoantibody --- inflammation --- diagnosis --- biosensor --- M13 bacteriophage --- color sensor --- energy generator --- piezoelectric --- self-assembly --- genetic engineering --- multi-array sensors --- hierarchical cluster analysis --- high selectivity --- piezoelectric materials --- organic materials --- biomaterials --- energy applications --- biomedical applications --- virus-based nanomaterials --- energy devices --- piezoelectric biomaterials

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A virus is considered a nanoscale organic material that can infect and replicate only inside the living cells of other organisms, ranging from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. The structure of viruses consists of two main parts: the genetic material from either DNA or RNA that carries genetic information, and a protein coat, called the capsid, which surrounds and protects the genetic material. By inserting the gene encoding functional proteins into the viral genome, the functional proteins can be genetically displayed on the protein coat to form bioengineered viruses. Therefore, viruses can be considered biological nanoparticles with genetically tunable surface chemistry and can serve as models for developing virus-like nanoparticles and even nanostructures. Via this process of viral display, bioengineered viruses can be mass-produced with lower cost and potentially used for energy and biomedical applications. This book highlights the recent developments and future directions of virus-based nanomaterials and nanostructures. The virus-based biomimetic materials formulated using innovative ideas were characterized for the applications of biosensors and nanocarriers. The research contributions and trends on virus-based materials covering energy harvesting devices to tissue regeneration in the last two decades are discussed.

History of engineering & technology --- virus-like particles --- glioblastoma --- convection-enhanced delivery --- tobacco mosaic virus --- bioconjugation --- doxorubicin --- drug delivery --- protein-based nanomaterials --- viral capsid --- VLPs --- hepatitis B virus capsid protein --- HBc --- viral self-assembly --- magnetic core --- HBcAg --- BmNPV bacmid --- nanobiomaterials --- Neospora caninum --- Neospora caninum profilin --- neosporosis --- silkworm expression system --- ZnS --- bio/inorganic hybrid materials --- hydrophobization --- polymer coupling --- virus --- tissue regeneration --- biomimetic nanocomposites --- phage display --- nano-vaccines --- HIV-1 Env trimers --- B-cell targeting --- intrastructural help --- VNPs --- Hsp60 --- IBD --- autoantibody --- inflammation --- diagnosis --- biosensor --- M13 bacteriophage --- color sensor --- energy generator --- piezoelectric --- self-assembly --- genetic engineering --- multi-array sensors --- hierarchical cluster analysis --- high selectivity --- piezoelectric materials --- organic materials --- biomaterials --- energy applications --- biomedical applications --- virus-based nanomaterials --- energy devices --- piezoelectric biomaterials --- virus-like particles --- glioblastoma --- convection-enhanced delivery --- tobacco mosaic virus --- bioconjugation --- doxorubicin --- drug delivery --- protein-based nanomaterials --- viral capsid --- VLPs --- hepatitis B virus capsid protein --- HBc --- viral self-assembly --- magnetic core --- HBcAg --- BmNPV bacmid --- nanobiomaterials --- Neospora caninum --- Neospora caninum profilin --- neosporosis --- silkworm expression system --- ZnS --- bio/inorganic hybrid materials --- hydrophobization --- polymer coupling --- virus --- tissue regeneration --- biomimetic nanocomposites --- phage display --- nano-vaccines --- HIV-1 Env trimers --- B-cell targeting --- intrastructural help --- VNPs --- Hsp60 --- IBD --- autoantibody --- inflammation --- diagnosis --- biosensor --- M13 bacteriophage --- color sensor --- energy generator --- piezoelectric --- self-assembly --- genetic engineering --- multi-array sensors --- hierarchical cluster analysis --- high selectivity --- piezoelectric materials --- organic materials --- biomaterials --- energy applications --- biomedical applications --- virus-based nanomaterials --- energy devices --- piezoelectric biomaterials

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A virus is considered a nanoscale organic material that can infect and replicate only inside the living cells of other organisms, ranging from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. The structure of viruses consists of two main parts: the genetic material from either DNA or RNA that carries genetic information, and a protein coat, called the capsid, which surrounds and protects the genetic material. By inserting the gene encoding functional proteins into the viral genome, the functional proteins can be genetically displayed on the protein coat to form bioengineered viruses. Therefore, viruses can be considered biological nanoparticles with genetically tunable surface chemistry and can serve as models for developing virus-like nanoparticles and even nanostructures. Via this process of viral display, bioengineered viruses can be mass-produced with lower cost and potentially used for energy and biomedical applications. This book highlights the recent developments and future directions of virus-based nanomaterials and nanostructures. The virus-based biomimetic materials formulated using innovative ideas were characterized for the applications of biosensors and nanocarriers. The research contributions and trends on virus-based materials covering energy harvesting devices to tissue regeneration in the last two decades are discussed.

History of engineering & technology --- virus-like particles --- glioblastoma --- convection-enhanced delivery --- tobacco mosaic virus --- bioconjugation --- doxorubicin --- drug delivery --- protein-based nanomaterials --- viral capsid --- VLPs --- hepatitis B virus capsid protein --- HBc --- viral self-assembly --- magnetic core --- HBcAg --- BmNPV bacmid --- nanobiomaterials --- Neospora caninum --- Neospora caninum profilin --- neosporosis --- silkworm expression system --- ZnS --- bio/inorganic hybrid materials --- hydrophobization --- polymer coupling --- virus --- tissue regeneration --- biomimetic nanocomposites --- phage display --- nano-vaccines --- HIV-1 Env trimers --- B-cell targeting --- intrastructural help --- VNPs --- Hsp60 --- IBD --- autoantibody --- inflammation --- diagnosis --- biosensor --- M13 bacteriophage --- color sensor --- energy generator --- piezoelectric --- self-assembly --- genetic engineering --- multi-array sensors --- hierarchical cluster analysis --- high selectivity --- piezoelectric materials --- organic materials --- biomaterials --- energy applications --- biomedical applications --- virus-based nanomaterials --- energy devices --- piezoelectric biomaterials

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Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne member of the Flaviviridae family that historically has been associated with mild febrile illness. However, the recent outbreaks in Brazil in 2015 and its rapid spread throughout South and Central America and the Caribbean, together with its association with severe neurological disorders—including fetal microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults—have changed the historic perspective of ZIKV. Currently, ZIKV is considered an important public health concern that has the potential to affect millions of people worldwide. The significance of ZIKV in human health and the lack of approved vaccines and/or antiviral drugs to combat ZIKV infection have triggered a global effort to develop effective countermeasures to prevent and/or treat ZIKV infection. In this Special Issue of Viruses, we have assembled a collection of 32 research and review articles that cover the more recent advances on ZIKV molecular biology, replication and transmission, virus–host interactions, pathogenesis, epidemiology, vaccine development, antivirals, and viral diagnosis.

microRNAs --- antivirals --- reverse genetics --- nucleic acid computation --- viral pathogenesis --- plaque reduction neutralization test --- clinical trials --- viral genetic variation --- viral fitness --- pregnancy --- type I IFN antagonist --- prM-E proteins --- eye --- replicon --- antiviral responses --- Bacterial artificial chromosome --- gene expression --- NS1 protein --- viral permissiveness --- ZIKV–host interactions --- reporter virus --- viral persistence --- blood-retinal barrier --- virus like particles --- emerging arbovirus --- Non-human primates --- heme-oxygenase 1 --- mosquito surveillance --- antiviral compounds --- ZIKV-associated neurologic disorders --- external quality assessment --- outbreak control --- therapeutics --- cryptic promoter silencing --- testis --- neurons --- mutagenesis --- RNA-seq --- microsphere immunoassay --- host-directed antivirals --- molecular diagnostics --- Bayesian analyses --- astrocytomas --- Full-length cDNA infectious clones --- viral pathogenicity --- neural progenitor cells --- full-length molecular clone --- antiviral --- multiplex nucleic acid detection --- Asian-lineage --- nucleic acid strand exchange --- IgA --- African-lineage --- vaccines --- Zika --- research models and tools --- immune response --- IgG avidity tests --- polymerase chain reaction --- Asian lineage --- sexual transmission --- TLR7/8 --- neuropathogenesis --- cross-reactions --- genetic variability --- mosquito --- ZIKV --- infectious cDNA --- prostate --- host genetic variation --- monoclonal antibodies --- optimised --- anti-viral immunity --- QCMD --- arbovirus --- FSS13025 --- MR766 --- NS5 --- EQA --- testicular cells --- virus attachment --- flavivirus --- mosquito-borne flavivirus --- dsRNA --- boolean logic-processing nucleic acid probes --- Ziks virus --- viral replication --- Aedes aegypti --- infection --- natural history --- infectious RNA --- zika virus --- chimeric viruses --- subgenomic replicon --- replication --- human brain glial cells --- microglia cells --- hepatocytes --- bacterial artificial chromosome --- detoxification and immune system responses --- testes --- dengue viruses --- Zika virus --- insecticide resistance --- NS2A protein --- plasmid toxicity --- cell surface receptors --- serology --- viral evolution --- laboratory preparedness --- flaviviruses --- Tet-inducible --- dengue virus --- diagnosis --- assay standardization --- infectious clone --- ELISA --- innate response --- congenital Zika syndrome --- secondary infections --- apoptosis --- viral survival --- ocular --- validated --- rhesus macaques --- neuroinflammation --- placenta cells --- NHP --- Zika virus (ZIKV) --- point-of-care diagnostics --- isothermal nucleic acid amplification --- microcephaly --- cytopathic effects --- indirect immunofluorescence --- fetal infection --- therapy --- siRNA --- viral counteraction --- neural cells --- silvestrol --- eIF4A --- microRNAs --- antivirals --- reverse genetics --- nucleic acid computation --- viral pathogenesis --- plaque reduction neutralization test --- clinical trials --- viral genetic variation --- viral fitness --- pregnancy --- type I IFN antagonist --- prM-E proteins --- eye --- replicon --- antiviral responses --- Bacterial artificial chromosome --- gene expression --- NS1 protein --- viral permissiveness --- ZIKV–host interactions --- reporter virus --- viral persistence --- blood-retinal barrier --- virus like particles --- emerging arbovirus --- Non-human primates --- heme-oxygenase 1 --- mosquito surveillance --- antiviral compounds --- ZIKV-associated neurologic disorders --- external quality assessment --- outbreak control --- therapeutics --- cryptic promoter silencing --- testis --- neurons --- mutagenesis --- RNA-seq --- microsphere immunoassay --- host-directed antivirals --- molecular diagnostics --- Bayesian analyses --- astrocytomas --- Full-length cDNA infectious clones --- viral pathogenicity --- neural progenitor cells --- full-length molecular clone --- antiviral --- multiplex nucleic acid detection --- Asian-lineage --- nucleic acid strand exchange --- IgA --- African-lineage --- vaccines --- Zika --- research models and tools --- immune response --- IgG avidity tests --- polymerase chain reaction --- Asian lineage --- sexual transmission --- TLR7/8 --- neuropathogenesis --- cross-reactions --- genetic variability --- mosquito --- ZIKV --- infectious cDNA --- prostate --- host genetic variation --- monoclonal antibodies --- optimised --- anti-viral immunity --- QCMD --- arbovirus --- FSS13025 --- MR766 --- NS5 --- EQA --- testicular cells --- virus attachment --- flavivirus --- mosquito-borne flavivirus --- dsRNA --- boolean logic-processing nucleic acid probes --- Ziks virus --- viral replication --- Aedes aegypti --- infection --- natural history --- infectious RNA --- zika virus --- chimeric viruses --- subgenomic replicon --- replication --- human brain glial cells --- microglia cells --- hepatocytes --- bacterial artificial chromosome --- detoxification and immune system responses --- testes --- dengue viruses --- Zika virus --- insecticide resistance --- NS2A protein --- plasmid toxicity --- cell surface receptors --- serology --- viral evolution --- laboratory preparedness --- flaviviruses --- Tet-inducible --- dengue virus --- diagnosis --- assay standardization --- infectious clone --- ELISA --- innate response --- congenital Zika syndrome --- secondary infections --- apoptosis --- viral survival --- ocular --- validated --- rhesus macaques --- neuroinflammation --- placenta cells --- NHP --- Zika virus (ZIKV) --- point-of-care diagnostics --- isothermal nucleic acid amplification --- microcephaly --- cytopathic effects --- indirect immunofluorescence --- fetal infection --- therapy --- siRNA --- viral counteraction --- neural cells --- silvestrol --- eIF4A