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Since the late 1800s, the discovery of new viruses was a gradual process. Viruses were described one by one using a suite of techniques such as (electron) microscopy and viral culture. Investigators were usually interested in a disease state within an organism, and expeditions in viral ecology were rare. The advent of metagenomics using high-throughput sequencing has revolutionized not only the rate of virus discovery, but also the nature of the discoveries. For example, the viral ecology and etiology of many human diseases are being characterized, non-pathogenic viral commensals are ubiquitous, and the description of environmental viromes is making progress. This Frontiers in Virology Research Topic showcases how metagenomic and bioinformatic approaches have been combined to discover, classify and characterize novel viruses.

virome --- biological dark matter --- metagenome --- metagenomics --- bacteriophages --- bioinformatics --- virus discovery --- phages

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A virus (from the Latin word ‘v?rus’ meaning ‘venom’ or ‘poison’) is a microorganism invisible to the naked eye. Viruses can multiply exclusively by entering a cell and using the cell’s resources to create copies of themselves. As the origin of their name suggests, viruses are generally considered dangerous, harmful and often deadly. Some of the most well-studied and widely known viruses, such as HIV and influenza, infect humans. However, viruses can also infect animals, plants and microorganisms, including fungi. Many fungi are medically, ecologically and economically significant, for example, causing diseases to humans, plants and insects or being used in industry to produce bread, cheese, beer and wine. Viruses that infect fungi are called mycoviruses (from the Greek work ‘myco’, meaning ‘fungus’). Mycoviruses do not cause harm to or kill the infected fungus; in contrast, they are ‘friendly’ viruses and we can utilize them to control the growth, pathogenicity and toxin production of fungi. This book describes a range of different mycoviruses and their geographical distribution, transmission and evolution, together with their effects on the fungal hosts and how these are brought about.

n/a --- recombination --- Brunchorstia pinea --- fungal viruses --- virus evolution --- isogenic --- fusarivirus --- Castanea sativa --- sequencing --- PsV-F --- conidiogenesis --- Narnaviridae --- Prunus --- virus discovery --- dicer --- totivirus --- killer toxin --- Saccharomyces paradoxus --- Aspergillus fumigatus tetramycovirus-1. --- Fusarium head blight --- dsRNA --- hypovirus --- killer system --- victorivirus --- Leptosphaeria biglobosa quadrivirus --- Entomophthora --- biological control --- RNA genome --- stone fruit --- hypervirulence --- Aspergillus fumigatus chrysovirus --- phylogeny --- A. fumigatus --- Mymonaviridae --- endornavirus --- mycovirus --- Aspergillus --- double-stranded RNA virus --- gemycircularvirus --- Alphapartitivirus --- Partitivirus --- capsid structure --- RnQV1 --- dsRNA virus --- RNA silencing --- capsid protein --- Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA --- multiplex PCR --- A. nidulans --- conifers --- Entomophthoromycotina --- Magnaporthe oryzae. chrysovirus 1 --- sclerogenesis --- Mitovirus --- chrysovirus --- A. niger --- selection pressure --- viral lineage --- A. thermomutatus --- transmission --- Tymovirales --- brown rot --- PcV --- Botrytis cinerea mymonavirus 1 --- Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus --- mitovirus --- populations study --- ssRNA --- mitochondrion --- partitivirus --- rice blast fungus --- database mining --- fungal virus --- horizontal virus transmission --- antiviral --- Aspergillus fumigatus partitivirus-1 --- hypovirulence --- Ethiopia --- chestnut blight --- Trichoderma atroviride --- Botrytis cinerea --- Cryphonectria parasitica --- Totiviridae --- small RNA --- infection cushion --- ash dieback --- Beauveria bassiana --- Rhizophagus --- Sclerotinia minor --- polymycovirus --- biocontrol --- genomic structure analysis --- Mycovirus --- dsRNA mycoviruses --- mycorrhizal fungi --- evolution --- invasive species --- transmissibility --- Chalara fraxinea --- tRFs --- ScV-L-A