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Since the late 1800s, the discovery of new viruses was a gradual process. Viruses were described one by one using a suite of techniques such as (electron) microscopy and viral culture. Investigators were usually interested in a disease state within an organism, and expeditions in viral ecology were rare. The advent of metagenomics using high-throughput sequencing has revolutionized not only the rate of virus discovery, but also the nature of the discoveries. For example, the viral ecology and etiology of many human diseases are being characterized, non-pathogenic viral commensals are ubiquitous, and the description of environmental viromes is making progress. This Frontiers in Virology Research Topic showcases how metagenomic and bioinformatic approaches have been combined to discover, classify and characterize novel viruses.

virome --- biological dark matter --- metagenome --- metagenomics --- bacteriophages --- bioinformatics --- virus discovery --- phages

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OBJECTIF DU TRAVAIL : 
L’objectif de ce travail sera de réaliser une étude bibliographique actualisée concernant le virome cutané des mammifères. Ce travail se veut synthétique et sélectif sur un domaine qui évolue de façon exponentielle grâce au développement des techniques de séquençage à haut débit et la publication régulière de nouvelles études.
RESUME :
Le virome cutané correspond au répertoire de tous les virus présents à la surface du corps des animaux et des êtres humains. Cette composante du microbiote est bien moins documentée que celle des domaines bactérien ou fongique dont les compositions sont connues chez diverses espèces ainsi que leur implication dans différentes pathologies. Le virome cutané peut être divisé en trois catégories : les virus des cellules eucaryotes, les phages et peut-être les rétrovirus endogènes ; chacune se composant de virus au rôle bénéfique, neutre ou pathogène pour le mammifère colonisé. Ce mémoire a pour but de collecter les connaissances actuelles sur chaque catégorie mais aussi d’émettre quelques hypothèses sur les interactions entre chaque composant de l’holobiote et leurs conséquences sur le système immunitaire. Enfin, ce travail s’achève par une réflexion sur l’impact sur le virome cutané dans le cas de pathologies cutanées telle que la Dermatite Atopique Canine, deuxième pathologie dermatologique la plus fréquente chez le chien pour laquelle l’altération de la barrière cutanée a un rôle primordial. Il s’agit là d’un exemple de domaine d’application, mais les perspectives peuvent concerner la vaccinologie, les greffes cutanées, etc…

virome cutané --- mammifères --- virus eucaryotes --- bactériophages --- rétrovirus endogènes --- peau --- Sciences du vivant > Médecine vétérinaire & santé animale

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The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has recently estimated that the world equid population exceeds 110 million. Working equids (horses, ponies, donkeys, and mules) remain essential to ensure the livelihood of poor communities around the world. In many developed countries, the equine industry has significant economical weight, with around 7 million horses in Europe alone. The close relationship between humans and equids and the fact that the athlete horse is the terrestrial mammal that travels the most worldwide after humans are important elements to consider in the transmission of pathogens and diseases, amongst equids and to other species. The potential effect of climate change on vector ecology and vector-borne diseases is also of concern for both human and animal health. In this Special Issue, we intend to explore our understanding of a panel of equine viruses, looking at their pathogenicity, their importance in terms of welfare and potential association with diseases, their economic importance and impact on performance, and how their identification can be helped by new technologies and methods.

hematophagous arthropod --- n/a --- abortion --- hepacivirus A --- Borna disease virus --- virus transmission --- virus stock propagation --- nucleoprotein --- influenza A viruses --- equine parvovirus-hepatitis --- neuropathogenic strain --- sequencing --- arbovirus --- virome --- transmission --- Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 --- interspecies transmission --- respiratory disease --- outbreak --- ORF34 --- ORF33 --- vaccine strategies --- ORF30 --- flavivirus --- in utero transmission --- non-primate hepacivirus --- risk factors --- Animal Rule --- equine herpesvirus type 1 --- African horse sickness --- polymerase activity --- horse parvovirus-CSF --- insects --- equine hepacivirus --- horse --- Parvoviridae --- Equid herpesviruses --- phylogeny --- ORF68 --- virus structure --- PCR --- Germany --- equine rhinitis virus A --- loss of performance --- ELISA --- myeloencephalopathy --- strain selection --- Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus --- equine Mx1 --- enteric disease --- cDNA cloned virus --- fetuses --- Eqcopivirus --- equine coronavirus --- Ireland --- MxA --- genital wart --- equine papillomaviruses --- equine parvovirus H --- replication --- virus neutralization --- MLST --- mosquito-borne virus --- seroprevalence --- equine influenza --- rabies --- evolution --- spike S1 protein --- hepatitis --- Thoroughbred racehorses --- vaccine --- bosavirus --- encephalitis --- West Nile virus --- horses

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We have entered a new era where some concepts of the complex community of microorganisms (microbiota comprising bacteria, fungi, viruses, bacteriophages and helminths) are being re-discovered and re-visited. Microbiota and human interaction is not new; they have shared a long history of co-existence. Nevertheless, the opportunities to understand the role of these microorganisms in human diseases and to design a potential treatment were limited. At present, thanks to development of innovative and cutting-edge molecular biological and microbiological technologies as well as clinical informatics and bioinformatics skills, microbiome application is moving into clinics. Approaches to therapy based on prebiotics, probiotics and lately on fecal microbiota transplantation has revolutionized medicine. Microbiota outnumbers our genes and is now regarded as another organ of the body. The gastrointestinal tract and gut microbiota display a well-documented symbiotic relationship. Disruption of intestinal microbiota homeostasis—called dysbiosis—has been associated with several diseases. Whether dysbiosis is a cause or consequence of disease initiation and progression still needs to be investigated in more depth. The aim of this book is to highlight recent advances in the field of microbiome research, which are now shaping medicine, and current approaches to microbiome-oriented therapy for gastrointestinal diseases. Dr. Rinaldo Pellicano Dr. Sharmila Fagoonee Guest Editors

Bacteroides ovatus --- Bifidobacterium adolescentis --- Dysbiosis --- Faecalibacterium prausnitzii --- Ruminococcus gnavus --- type 1 diabetes --- microbiota --- microbiome --- auto-immunity --- gut permeability --- gut --- IBS --- celiac disease --- enteropathy --- gluten --- therapy --- gut microbiota --- precision medicine --- Clostridium difficile --- inflammatory bowel disease --- ulcerative colitis --- irritable bowel disease --- metabolic syndrome --- gastric microbiota --- transient --- persistent --- culture --- sequencing --- Helicobacter pylori --- fecal microbiota transplantation --- feces donor --- fecal microbiota --- flow cytometry --- viability of bacteria --- next-generation sequencing --- culturing of fecal microbiota --- Alzheimer’s disease --- microbiota–gut–brain axis --- neurodegenerative disease --- intestinal flora --- necrotizing enterocolitis --- intestinal microbiology --- infant gut --- metabolomics --- IL-6 --- IL-8 --- IL-12p70 --- intestinal permeability --- zonulin --- gut virome --- steatosis --- cirrhosis --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- gastrointestinal --- technology --- high-throughput --- crohn’s disease --- mononuclear cells --- transient receptor potential channel --- pancreatic diseases --- acute pancreatitis --- chronic pancreatitis --- diabetes mellitus --- pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma --- pancreatic cystic neoplasms

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In this book is reported novel information on diagnosis, treatment, and control of parasites that are naturally transmitted from animal reservoirs to humans. Subjects: Public Health and Healthcare: Prevention; Medicine and Pharmacology: Therapy.

Research & information: general --- canine vector-borne disease --- blocking primers --- blood DNA extraction --- next-generation sequencing --- kit contaminant bacteria --- mosquito-borne disease --- pest control --- insecticide resistance --- biological control --- paratransgenesis --- Wolbachia --- Asaia --- Bacillus --- Strongyloides stercoralis --- soil-transmitted helminths --- hookworms --- zoonotic parasites --- Australian remote communities --- One Health --- biting midges --- vector --- mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I --- C. gornostaevae --- C. griseidorsum --- C. pallidicornis --- onchocerciasis --- Onchocerca volvulus --- antibodies --- diagnosis --- OV16 testing --- microfilariae --- epilepsy --- Dirofilaria immitis --- modified Knott's test --- ELISA --- immune complex dissociation --- serological assays --- bacterial profile --- cox1 --- Haemaphysalis bancrofti --- Ixodes holocyclus --- Ixodes trichosuri --- Ixodes tasmani --- V3-V4 16S rRNA gene --- mosquito virome --- CRESS-DNA viruses --- CyCV-VN --- insect-specific viruses --- ISV --- BatCV --- Leishmania --- protozoan parasite --- epidemiology --- environment --- Toxocara --- multiple sclerosis --- association --- meta-analysis --- Transphlebotomus --- Central Europe --- autoimmunofluorescence --- MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry --- genotyping --- leishmaniasis --- Polygonum salicifolium --- chalcone --- flavanone --- Leishmania mexicana --- Trypanosoma brucei brucei --- Trypanosoma congolense --- Canis lupus --- Vulpes vulpes --- Sarcoptes scabiei --- PCR --- serology --- Iberian Peninsula --- toxoplasmosis --- animals --- native antigens --- recombinant antigens --- Echinococcus --- NaOH --- LAMP --- DNA extraction --- taeniid egg isolation --- schistosomiasis --- Schistosoma japonicum --- right open reading frame protein kinase (riok) genes --- riok-1 --- RIOK-1 --- double-stranded RNA interference (RNAi) --- chemical inhibition --- toyocamycin --- developmental and reproductive biology --- blood filter paper --- Chagas disease --- Nobuto strip --- Trypanosoma cruzi --- mammalian surveillance --- neglected tropical diseases --- Culex pipiens s. l. --- Culex torrentium --- Culiseta glaphyroptera --- caves --- subterranean environment --- Luxembourg --- Germany --- canine vector-borne disease --- blocking primers --- blood DNA extraction --- next-generation sequencing --- kit contaminant bacteria --- mosquito-borne disease --- pest control --- insecticide resistance --- biological control --- paratransgenesis --- Wolbachia --- Asaia --- Bacillus --- Strongyloides stercoralis --- soil-transmitted helminths --- hookworms --- zoonotic parasites --- Australian remote communities --- One Health --- biting midges --- vector --- mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I --- C. gornostaevae --- C. griseidorsum --- C. pallidicornis --- onchocerciasis --- Onchocerca volvulus --- antibodies --- diagnosis --- OV16 testing --- microfilariae --- epilepsy --- Dirofilaria immitis --- modified Knott's test --- ELISA --- immune complex dissociation --- serological assays --- bacterial profile --- cox1 --- Haemaphysalis bancrofti --- Ixodes holocyclus --- Ixodes trichosuri --- Ixodes tasmani --- V3-V4 16S rRNA gene --- mosquito virome --- CRESS-DNA viruses --- CyCV-VN --- insect-specific viruses --- ISV --- BatCV --- Leishmania --- protozoan parasite --- epidemiology --- environment --- Toxocara --- multiple sclerosis --- association --- meta-analysis --- Transphlebotomus --- Central Europe --- autoimmunofluorescence --- MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry --- genotyping --- leishmaniasis --- Polygonum salicifolium --- chalcone --- flavanone --- Leishmania mexicana --- Trypanosoma brucei brucei --- Trypanosoma congolense --- Canis lupus --- Vulpes vulpes --- Sarcoptes scabiei --- PCR --- serology --- Iberian Peninsula --- toxoplasmosis --- animals --- native antigens --- recombinant antigens --- Echinococcus --- NaOH --- LAMP --- DNA extraction --- taeniid egg isolation --- schistosomiasis --- Schistosoma japonicum --- right open reading frame protein kinase (riok) genes --- riok-1 --- RIOK-1 --- double-stranded RNA interference (RNAi) --- chemical inhibition --- toyocamycin --- developmental and reproductive biology --- blood filter paper --- Chagas disease --- Nobuto strip --- Trypanosoma cruzi --- mammalian surveillance --- neglected tropical diseases --- Culex pipiens s. l. --- Culex torrentium --- Culiseta glaphyroptera --- caves --- subterranean environment --- Luxembourg --- Germany