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Vaccines --- Vaccines. --- oncology vaccines --- AIDS vaccine --- vaccine safety --- vaccine formulation --- vaccine adjuvants --- veterinary vaccines --- aids vaccine --- Oncology. Neoplasms --- Allergy

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The influenza virus poses a threat to human health and is responsible for global epidemics every year. In addition to seasonal infections, influenza can cause occasional pandemics of great consequence when novel viruses are introduced into humans. Despite the implementation of comprehensive vaccination programs, influenza viruses continue to pose an important and unpredictable global public health threat. They are one of the most significant causes of morbidity and mortality each year and have a significant economic impact. In recent years, research has been conducted to find alternative approaches to influenza vaccine development, including the generation of universal vaccines. Notably, significant progress in the field of influenza infection, transmission, and immunity have contributed to our understanding of influenza biology, and to expanding the technological approaches for the generation of more efficient strategies against influenza infections. Moreover, highly remarkable developments have been made in the implementation of new methodologies to evaluate the efficiency of vaccines and improve them for use on domestic animals such as poultry, horses, dogs or pigs. This enables us to decrease the exposure of humans to potentially pandemic viruses. The articles in this Special Issue will address the importance of influenza to human health and the advances in influenza research that have led to the development of better therapeutics and vaccination strategies.

heterosubtypic immunity of influenza --- master donor virus --- imprinting --- hemagglutinin --- universal vaccines --- pandemic --- adaptive immunity --- pregnant women --- innate immunity --- antibodies --- Influenza vaccine --- ARDS --- influenza A virus --- humoral response --- influenza vaccine --- original antigenic sin “OAS” --- germinal centers --- immunogenicity --- lung --- epitopes --- Influenza virus --- single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) --- influenza virus --- protein microarray assay --- “universal” influenza vaccine --- vaccination --- influenza --- multiple dimensional assay (MDA) --- infection --- tissue resident --- memory --- vaccines --- CD4 T cell --- broad neutralizing antibody(bnAb) --- hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus --- original antigenic sin --- immune response --- morbidity --- T cell --- mPLEX-Flu assay --- Influenza A virus (IAV) --- virus–host interaction --- hemagglutin stalk --- memory B cells --- vaccine safety --- protection efficacy --- live attenuated influenza vaccine --- pediatrics --- vaccination rate

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This open access book is a collection of research papers on COVID-19 by Germán Velásquez from 2020 and early 2021 that help to answer the question: How can an agency like the World Health Organization (WHO) be given a stronger voice to exercise authority and leadership? The considerable health, economic and social challenges that the world faced at the beginning of 2020 with COVID-19 continued and worsened in many parts of the world in the second-half of 2020 and into 2021. Many of these countries and nations wanted to explore COVID-19 on their own, sometimes without listening to the main international health bodies such as WHO, an agency of the United Nations system with long-standing experience and vast knowledge at the global level and of which all countries in the world are members. In this single volume, the chapters present the progress of thinking and debate — particularly in relation to drugs and vaccines — that would enable a response to the COVID-19 pandemic or to subsequent crises that may arise. Among the topics covered: COVID-19 Vaccines: Between Ethics, Health and Economics Medicines and Intellectual Property: 10 Years of the WHO Global Strategy Re-thinking Global and Local Manufacturing of Medical Products After COVID-19 Rethinking R&D for Pharmaceutical Products After the Novel Coronavirus COVID-19 Shock Intellectual Property and Access to Medicines and Vaccines The World Health Organization Reforms in the Time of COVID-19 Vaccines, Medicines and COVID-19: How Can WHO Be Given a Stronger Voice? is essential reading for negotiators from the 194 member countries of the World Health Organization (WHO); World Trade Organization (WTO) and World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) staff participating in these negotiations; academics and students of public health, medicine, health sciences, law, sociology and political science; and intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental organizations that follow the issue of access to treatments and vaccines for COVID-19.

COVID-19 (Disease) --- Medical policy. --- Vaccines. --- Social aspects. --- 2019-nCoV disease --- 2019 novel coronavirus disease --- Coronavirus disease-19 --- Coronavirus disease 2019 --- COVID-19 virus disease --- COVID19 (Disease) --- Novel coronavirus disease, 2019 --- SARS coronavirus 2 disease --- SARS-CoV-2 disease --- Coronavirus infections --- Respiratory infections --- Biologicals --- Health care policy --- Health policy --- Medical care --- Medicine and state --- Policy, Medical --- Public health --- Public health policy --- State and medicine --- Science and state --- Social policy --- Government policy --- COVID-19 Coronavirus pandemic --- access to affordable essential medicines --- Vaccine nationalism and vaccine safety --- World Health Organization reform --- Biosimilars and biotherapeutics --- COVAX Facility --- COVID-19 diagnostics --- Global health preparedness --- Article 19 of the WHO Constitution --- access to COVID-19 tools (ACT) accelerator --- Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) --- Inter-Governmental Working Group (IGWG) --- Patentability criteria --- Pharmaceutical sovereignty --- Research and Development (R&D) --- Universal Health Coverage (UHC) --- World Health Assembly (WHA) --- World Trade Organization (WTO) --- non-governmental organization (NGOs) --- Open Access --- Medicine, Preventive. --- Health promotion. --- Vaccines --- Biomaterials. --- Public health. --- Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. --- Health Policy. --- Biomaterials-Vaccines. --- Public Health. --- Biotechnology. --- Community health --- Health services --- Hygiene, Public --- Hygiene, Social --- Public health services --- Public hygiene --- Social hygiene --- Health --- Human services --- Biosecurity --- Health literacy --- Medicine, Preventive --- National health services --- Sanitation --- Vaccine biotechnology --- Biotechnology --- Health promotion programs --- Health promotion services --- Promotion of health --- Wellness programs --- Preventive health services --- Health education --- Disease prevention --- Diseases --- Prevention of disease --- Preventive medicine --- Pathology --- Preventive medicine physicians --- Prevention --- COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020 --- -Political aspects.