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Emergence of new and deadly infectious diseases is significantly deteriorating the human health. Development of vaccine by the scientist has become an important weapon to control the spread of infectious diseases as well as to improve the life expectancy at global level in 20th-21st Century. This book will provide the in-depth knowledge of vaccine history, and development of new strategies to design efficacious and safe vaccine molecule. This book will cover the development of system vaccinology and their applications revolutionize the vaccine discovery. This will provide a resource for the basic and clinical researcher working to human life expectancy by their vaccine experiments and clinical trials. My purpose to write this book to educate the students and researchers with modern development in the field of vaccinology and empowering the researcher with new tools and methodology for developing potential and immunogenic vaccines. This book will be helpful to solve the curiosity of science and medical background students related with vaccinology and will be helpful to devise a new vaccine molecule to control the spread of new and emerging pathogens. Systems biology is a rapidly expanding research discipline aiming to integrate multifaceted datasets generated using state-of-the-art high- throughput technologies such as arrays and next-generation sequencing. Combined with sophisticated computational analysis we are able to interrogate host responses to infections and vaccination on a systems level, thus generating important new hypotheses and discovering unknown associations between immunological parameters.

Vaccines --- History. --- Research. --- Biologicals --- Vaccinology --- Systems Biology --- Vaccine Development --- history --- methods --- history. --- methods. --- Vaccine Development.

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Recent Progress in Bunyavirus Research

Nairovirus --- Tospovirus --- Reverse genetics --- Orthobunyavirus --- Vectors and transmission --- Bunyavirus entry --- Bunyavirus replication --- Emerging diseases --- Virus-host interactions --- Viral immunity --- Bunyaviridae --- Bunyavirus assembly and release --- Vaccine development --- Hantavirus --- Antiviral therapeutics --- Phlebovirus

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SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 105 million people worldwide. During this pandemic, researchers and clinicians have been working to understand the molecular mechanisms that underpin viral pathogenesis by studying viral–host interactions. Now, with the global rollout of various COVID-19 vaccines—based on the neutralization of the spike protein using different technologies—viral immunology and cell-based immunity are being investigated. Researchers are also studying how various SARS-CoV-2 genetic mutations will impact the efficacy of these COVID-19 vaccines. At the same time, various antiviral drugs have been identified or repurposed that have potential as anti-SARS-CoV-2 treatments. BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) is the acronym used to associate five major emerging national economies. The BRICS countries are known for their significant influence on regional affairs, including being leaders in scientific and clinical research and innovation. This Special Issue includes researchers from BRICS countries, in particular South Africa, involved in the study of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Original articles, as well as new perspectives or reviews on the matter, were welcomed. Research in the fields of vaccine studies, pathogenesis, genetic mutations, viral immunology, and antiviral drugs were especially encouraged.

SARS-CoV-2 --- E484K --- variant of Interest --- genomic epidemiology --- Brazil --- immunoassay --- SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein --- epitope coverage --- quantitative antibody binding --- protein microarray --- SARS-CoV-2 antibodies --- humoral response --- COVID-19 --- nanotechnology --- detection --- treatment --- breakthrough --- VRDL --- Delta and Delta plus variant --- India --- vaccine --- dental aerosol-generating procedures --- extra-oral suction --- high-volume evacuation --- low-volume saliva ejector --- splatter --- aerosol --- convalescent plasma --- COVID-19 and nanotechnology --- nanomedicine in South Africa --- bioinformatics and vaccine development --- vaccine development in South Africa --- models --- different settings --- intervention strategies --- NSW --- coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) --- severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) --- neutralizing antibody (NAb) --- diabetes --- corticosteroids --- reverse zoonosis --- wildlife --- COVID-19 testing --- hospital mortality --- intubation

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SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 105 million people worldwide. During this pandemic, researchers and clinicians have been working to understand the molecular mechanisms that underpin viral pathogenesis by studying viral–host interactions. Now, with the global rollout of various COVID-19 vaccines—based on the neutralization of the spike protein using different technologies—viral immunology and cell-based immunity are being investigated. Researchers are also studying how various SARS-CoV-2 genetic mutations will impact the efficacy of these COVID-19 vaccines. At the same time, various antiviral drugs have been identified or repurposed that have potential as anti-SARS-CoV-2 treatments. BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) is the acronym used to associate five major emerging national economies. The BRICS countries are known for their significant influence on regional affairs, including being leaders in scientific and clinical research and innovation. This Special Issue includes researchers from BRICS countries, in particular South Africa, involved in the study of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Original articles, as well as new perspectives or reviews on the matter, were welcomed. Research in the fields of vaccine studies, pathogenesis, genetic mutations, viral immunology, and antiviral drugs were especially encouraged.

Medicine --- Epidemiology & medical statistics --- SARS-CoV-2 --- E484K --- variant of Interest --- genomic epidemiology --- Brazil --- immunoassay --- SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein --- epitope coverage --- quantitative antibody binding --- protein microarray --- SARS-CoV-2 antibodies --- humoral response --- COVID-19 --- nanotechnology --- detection --- treatment --- breakthrough --- VRDL --- Delta and Delta plus variant --- India --- vaccine --- dental aerosol-generating procedures --- extra-oral suction --- high-volume evacuation --- low-volume saliva ejector --- splatter --- aerosol --- convalescent plasma --- COVID-19 and nanotechnology --- nanomedicine in South Africa --- bioinformatics and vaccine development --- vaccine development in South Africa --- models --- different settings --- intervention strategies --- NSW --- coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) --- severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) --- neutralizing antibody (NAb) --- diabetes --- corticosteroids --- reverse zoonosis --- wildlife --- COVID-19 testing --- hospital mortality --- intubation

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Current efforts to limit the ravages of schistosomiasis are pushing the world closer to eliminating a chronic infection that has been associated with human life in the tropics since time immemorial. This notwithstanding, the disease remains a scourge for large populations in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia, and the main part of this book is made up by papers dealing with its current distribution, discussing ways and means to establish and implement improved control approaches. While chemotherapy limits the symptoms caused by schistosomiasis, the number of infected people will not decrease until the parasite's life cycle is interrupted. To that end, some papers focus on the intermediate snail host, which is notoriously difficult to control, while others discuss human hygiene and sanitation. The latter approach not only prevents infection through avoiding people being infected from the snail, but more importantly, also stops people infecting the snail by leaving contagious feces and urine in nature. With morbidity reduced by chemotherapy, the immediate target now is the interruption of transmission to be achieved by new tools, such as the novel chemotherapies, improved diagnostics (for humans, animals, and snails), and vaccines discussed in several of the papers. As made clear in this book, a complex infection requires new tools as well as work on many fronts, above all; however, a clear idea is needed as to how to skillfully combine the tools available and sustain implemented control activities.

n/a --- Cambodia --- schistosomiasis elimination --- chemotherapy --- Côte d’Ivoire --- systems thinking --- Schistosomiasis mansoni --- control and elimination --- neglected tropical diseases --- drug discovery --- systems epidemiology --- guidelines --- schistosomiasis --- Central Africa --- goals --- mapping --- Africa --- cattle --- zoonosis --- systematic non-compliance --- Lao PDR --- Sm14 --- POC-CCA --- planorbidae --- complexity --- distribution --- remote-sensing --- Neotricula aperta --- sanitation --- Biomphalaria glabrata --- Schistosomiasis --- international space station --- Mayuge --- elimination --- spatio-temporal epidemiology --- goats --- FABP --- artemether --- interdisciplinarity --- praziquantel --- soil-transmitted-helminthiasis --- Caribbean --- health education --- snail --- Schistosoma haematobium --- snail resistance --- 28S ribosomal DNA --- WIPO Re:Search --- intermediate snail host --- Schistosoma malayensis --- Gabon --- transmission --- soil-transmitted helminths --- combination therapy --- S. mansoni --- climate change --- domestic animals --- Schistosoma mansoni --- diagnosis --- Schistosoma japonicum --- leishmaniasis --- modelling --- public-private partnerships --- GIS --- ECOSTRESS --- young adults --- Oncomelania hupensis --- PCR --- Bulinus truncatus --- gene drive --- worldview --- S. japonicum zoonosis --- coverage rate --- phylogeography --- cross-sector collaboration --- epidemiology --- preventive chemotherapy --- MDA coverage --- China --- operational research --- transmission control --- satellite --- high-sensitivity diagnostics --- loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) --- sheep --- polymerase chain reaction --- BIO Ventures for Global Health --- bovines --- Kato-Katz --- vaccine development --- treatment-opportunities --- Philippines --- buffalo --- Schistosoma mekongi --- control --- Schistosoma --- vector control --- vaccine --- parasite --- Asia --- transgenic snail --- snail control --- DNA --- capacity-building --- Uganda --- pooled samples --- Côte d'Ivoire