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Urban forestry --- Forest ecology --- Energy conservation --- Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project.

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How do we understand the boundaries of individual creatures? What are the systems of interdependency that bind all living creatures together? Plants were among the the first to colonize the planet. They created the soil and the atmosphere that made life possible for animals. They are some of the largest and oldest life forms on Earth. In spite of their primacy, Western cultures have traditionally regarded plants as the lowest life forms, lacking mobility, sensation, and communication. But recent research argues that plants move and respond to their environment, communicate with each other, and form partnerships with other species. Art, poetry, and essays by cultural anthropologists, experimental plant biologists, philosophers, botanists and foresters expose the complex interactions of the vibrant living world around us and give us a lens through which we can explore our intertwined histories.

Plants --- Plants in art. --- History. --- Social aspects. --- Flora --- Plant kingdom --- Plantae --- Vascular plants --- Vegetable kingdom --- Vegetation --- Wildlife --- Organisms --- Botany --- William Pearce. --- bison. --- cultural geography. --- flora and fauna. --- forest aerial. --- native grass. --- nature walk. --- plant behavior. --- plant disease. --- plant learning. --- plant photography. --- plant sensitivity. --- rural ecology. --- soil. --- urban ecology. --- urban forest. --- urban parks. --- vegetal beings.

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Numerous studies indicate an accelerated growth of forest trees, induced by ongoing climate change. Similar trends were recently found for urban trees in major cities worldwide. Studies frequently report about substantial effects of climate change and the urban heat island effect (UHI) on plant growth. The combined effects of increasing temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and extended growing season lengths, in addition to increasing nitrogen deposition and higher CO2 concentrations, can increase but also reduce plant growth. Closely related to this, the multiple functions and services provided by urban trees may be modified. Urban trees generate numerous ecosystem services, including carbon storage, mitigation of the heat island effect, reduction of rainwater runoff, pollutant filtering, recreation effects, shading, and cooling. The quantity of the ecosystem services is often closely associated with the species, structure, age, and size of the tree as well as with a tree’s vitality. Therefore, greening cities, and particularly planting trees, seems to be an effective option to mitigate climate change and the UHI. The focus of this Special Issue is to underline the importance of trees as part of the urban green areas for major cities in all climate zones. Empirical as well as modeling studies of urban tree growth and their services and disservices in cities worldwide are included. Articles about the dynamics, structures, and functions of urban trees as well as the influence of climate and climate change on urban tree growth, urban species composition, carbon storage, and biodiversity are also discussed.

green spaces --- urban heat island --- Landsat TM --- human health --- root:shoot ratio --- choice experiment --- urban trees --- BVOC emission --- climate change --- urbanity --- urbanization --- sustainability --- drought stress --- ecosystem disservices --- tree growth --- Greenway --- oxides --- hot arid urban climate --- carbon sequestration --- abundance --- landscape planning --- bud break --- urban microclimate --- tree competition --- urban forest --- allergenic potential --- sampling plots --- climate change implications --- ecosystem modeling --- preferences --- urban parks --- basal area --- urban tree growth --- air pollution removal --- environmental quality --- species richness --- surface temperature --- drought --- growing season --- air pollution --- ecosystem services --- biomass allocation

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Forest ecosystems are important habitats for a vast number of species worldwide. These ecosystems are degrading faster than they are regenerating, due to the increased demand for natural resources. In order to protect these ecosystems, the designation of Protected Areas (PAs) has become the primary policy tool for forest conservation. The articles included in this book explore challenges and opportunities within forest PAs, focusing on four main themes. The first theme refers to current initiatives in forest management across the world, reflecting the efforts of several organizations in halting deforestation. Major challenges are also identified, reflecting the declining rates of forest coverage across the world. A second theme refers to policy planning processes withing existing governance frameworks focusing, in particular, on the level of engagement of local stakeholders. A third theme of the book refers to social equity and how the impacts of forest PAs are distributed among different users. A final theme in the SI refers to potential solutions in order to halt the loss of biodiversity within forest ecosystems. Several directions are proposed by the authors that can be useful for policy makers and practitioners, especially in the context of the 30 by 30 targets.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- Social & cultural anthropology, ethnography --- biodiversity --- ecosystem services --- West Africa --- incentives --- Sustainable Development Goals --- participation --- co-management --- forest users --- benefits --- ACA --- Nepal --- urban forest --- institutional design --- land use planning --- Serbia --- governance --- forests --- environment --- Malawi --- Photovoice --- conservation --- policy --- community-based forest management --- participatory forest management --- biodiversity conservation --- nature conservation policy --- operational environment --- legal --- economic and social factors --- evaluation framework --- protected areas --- Natura 2000 network --- conservation estate --- conservation planning --- bottomland hardwood forest --- deforestation --- isolation --- buffer areas --- Tanzania --- social network analysis (SNA) --- cooperation and conflict networks --- stakeholders' involvement --- participatory process --- Natura 2000 management Programme --- anthropology --- land use and access --- flexibility --- Bakweri --- Mount Cameroon National Park --- reserve network --- large trees --- snags --- coarse woody debris --- regression model --- habitat conditions --- strict protection --- managed forests --- tree cover loss --- global forest --- State Forests --- nature protection --- financing --- decision making --- responsibility --- implementation of protective measures --- Poland --- silviculture --- timber distribution --- benefit-sharing --- elite --- community forestry --- abiotic dispersal --- animal dispersal --- distance-decay --- forest fragmentation --- sacred forest --- sacred grove --- South Gondar Administrative Zone --- conflict --- national parks --- management --- pandemic --- public health --- wellbeing --- biodiversity --- ecosystem services --- West Africa --- incentives --- Sustainable Development Goals --- participation --- co-management --- forest users --- benefits --- ACA --- Nepal --- urban forest --- institutional design --- land use planning --- Serbia --- governance --- forests --- environment --- Malawi --- Photovoice --- conservation --- policy --- community-based forest management --- participatory forest management --- biodiversity conservation --- nature conservation policy --- operational environment --- legal --- economic and social factors --- evaluation framework --- protected areas --- Natura 2000 network --- conservation estate --- conservation planning --- bottomland hardwood forest --- deforestation --- isolation --- buffer areas --- Tanzania --- social network analysis (SNA) --- cooperation and conflict networks --- stakeholders' involvement --- participatory process --- Natura 2000 management Programme --- anthropology --- land use and access --- flexibility --- Bakweri --- Mount Cameroon National Park --- reserve network --- large trees --- snags --- coarse woody debris --- regression model --- habitat conditions --- strict protection --- managed forests --- tree cover loss --- global forest --- State Forests --- nature protection --- financing --- decision making --- responsibility --- implementation of protective measures --- Poland --- silviculture --- timber distribution --- benefit-sharing --- elite --- community forestry --- abiotic dispersal --- animal dispersal --- distance-decay --- forest fragmentation --- sacred forest --- sacred grove --- South Gondar Administrative Zone --- conflict --- national parks --- management --- pandemic --- public health --- wellbeing

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Forest ecosystems are important habitats for a vast number of species worldwide. These ecosystems are degrading faster than they are regenerating, due to the increased demand for natural resources. In order to protect these ecosystems, the designation of Protected Areas (PAs) has become the primary policy tool for forest conservation. The articles included in this book explore challenges and opportunities within forest PAs, focusing on four main themes. The first theme refers to current initiatives in forest management across the world, reflecting the efforts of several organizations in halting deforestation. Major challenges are also identified, reflecting the declining rates of forest coverage across the world. A second theme refers to policy planning processes withing existing governance frameworks focusing, in particular, on the level of engagement of local stakeholders. A third theme of the book refers to social equity and how the impacts of forest PAs are distributed among different users. A final theme in the SI refers to potential solutions in order to halt the loss of biodiversity within forest ecosystems. Several directions are proposed by the authors that can be useful for policy makers and practitioners, especially in the context of the 30 by 30 targets.

biodiversity --- ecosystem services --- West Africa --- incentives --- Sustainable Development Goals --- participation --- co-management --- forest users --- benefits --- ACA --- Nepal --- urban forest --- institutional design --- land use planning --- Serbia --- governance --- forests --- environment --- Malawi --- Photovoice --- conservation --- policy --- community-based forest management --- participatory forest management --- biodiversity conservation --- nature conservation policy --- operational environment --- legal --- economic and social factors --- evaluation framework --- protected areas --- Natura 2000 network --- conservation estate --- conservation planning --- bottomland hardwood forest --- deforestation --- isolation --- buffer areas --- Tanzania --- social network analysis (SNA) --- cooperation and conflict networks --- stakeholders’ involvement --- participatory process --- Natura 2000 management Programme --- anthropology --- land use and access --- flexibility --- Bakweri --- Mount Cameroon National Park --- reserve network --- large trees --- snags --- coarse woody debris --- regression model --- habitat conditions --- strict protection --- managed forests --- tree cover loss --- global forest --- State Forests --- nature protection --- financing --- decision making --- responsibility --- implementation of protective measures --- Poland --- silviculture --- timber distribution --- benefit-sharing --- elite --- community forestry --- abiotic dispersal --- animal dispersal --- distance–decay --- forest fragmentation --- sacred forest --- sacred grove --- South Gondar Administrative Zone --- conflict --- national parks --- management --- pandemic --- public health --- wellbeing --- n/a --- stakeholders' involvement --- distance-decay