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Dissertation
Urban Densification of Informal Settlements in Lima, Peru - Study Case of Vallecito Alto in Lima, Peru
Authors: --- --- ---
Year: 2021 Publisher: Liège Université de Liège (ULiège)

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Abstract

According to the international literature, numerous studies have been made on the urban process of expansion, several studies on the densification processes in formal settlements and very few ones focused on the densification in informal settlements. Indeed, it seems that the urban process of densification taking place in informal settlements has never been clearly understood and seems to be difficult to analyse.
Hence, through different approaches, the following work focuses on the urban densification processes, taking place in informal settlements in Global South. More precisely, it highlights the urbanistic problems and relations between urban densification and its associated factors (population growth, policies…) in the informal settlements of Lima in Peru. 
Divided into different approaches including some fieldwork, this work will present the theoretical concepts related to the subject of urban densification. It will focus as well on analysis of existing data and, finally it will bring complementary information from personal data collected onsite. It will highlight the urban densification trends in the last decades in informal settlements like Vallecito Alto and at different levels, from the metropolitan level to the settlement level, therefore showing that the urban tissue tends to be denser in the metropolitan region of Lima. It will also reveal that, when looking at different scales, the urban densification trends tend to vary from one place to another, especially for peripheral districts like Villa Maria del Triunfo where urban densification is taking place but is dominated by urban sprawl, mostly characterised by land invasions. 
Even if this research generally enables a better understanding of the densification process in informal settlements, and that some densification trends could be stressed for the analysed study case, it also brings other questions about the way in which densification takes place in other parts of the world.


Dissertation
Comparaison multi-échelle de l'effet de la réduction de la disponibilité foncière au plan de secteur sur les pratiques de recyclage urbain et de densification en Wallonie
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Year: 2022 Publisher: Liège Université de Liège (ULiège)

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Dans sa Déclaration de Politique Régionale 2019 – 2024, la Wallonie fixe comme objectif de freiner l’artificialisation de son sol jusqu’à sa limitation totale prévue en 2050. Cette intention, inscrite également dans son Schéma de Développement Territorial, poursuit la stratégie européenne mise en place depuis 2011 et communément appelée l’intention « ZAN ». La réalisation de cet objectif ne peut se réaliser qu’en réutilisant les terrains précédemment artificialisés. Le nombre de logements pouvant être créés par la densification résidentielle d’espaces urbanisés a été évalué à environ 300 000 par la CPDT. La mise en œuvre de ce potentiel de recyclage urbain pourrait permettre à la Région wallonne de réaliser son objectif rapidement. En revanche, les pratiques de recyclage urbain et périurbain en Wallonie sont sujets à de nombreux freins qui handicapent leur mise en place. La surabondance foncière en zone d’habitat au plan de secteur est responsable d’une offre importante de terrains vierges à urbaniser. Cette dernière contribue en partie à poursuivre l’étalement urbain en offrant des territoires urbanisables bon marché et accessibles en périphérie. Ce travail s’appuie sur cette observation et tente de mettre en évidence le rôle que pourrait jouer, à l’inverse, une réduction des surfaces urbanisables sur les pratiques de recyclage urbain et de densification en vue de réorienter les acteurs du territoire vers les gisements et les biens à réutiliser. L’analyse conduite dans ce travail s’appuie sur une comparaison multi-échelle de la relation entre le taux de disponibilité foncière au plan de secteur et les indicateurs du recyclage urbain et de la densification. Il ressort de ces traitements que seul le recyclage urbain réagit de manière significative à une réduction de la superficie disponible, en particulier aux échelles des communes et des bassins de vie. Ce travail soutient que la disponibilité foncière est l’une des composantes qui explique la variation du taux de recyclage urbain en Wallonie et qu’une réduction de l’offre juridiquement urbanisable permettrait de stimuler les pratiques qui y sont liées. Toutefois, la mise en œuvre d’une telle action foncière doit s’accompagner de politiques sectorielles pour garantir un développement inclusif et équitable de la Wallonie. In its 2019 – 2024 regional policy declaration (‘Déclaration de Politique Régionale’), Wallonia sets the objective of slowing down the artificialization of its land until its full limitation by 2050. This intention, which is also included in its territorial development plan (‘Schéma de Développement Territorial’), follows the European strategy implemented since 2011 and commonly referred to as "no net land take by 2050". The achievement of this objective can only be reached by reusing previously artificialized lands. The number of dwelling units that can be created by residential densification of urbanized spaces has been evaluated at approximately 300,000 by the CPDT. The implementation of this urban recycling potential could allow Wallonia to achieve its objective quickly. However, urban and peri-urban recycling policies in Wallonia are subject to numerous obstacles that impair their implementation. The overabundance of land in residential zones in the sector plan (‘Plan de secteur’) is responsible for a large supply of greenfields for urbanization. This contributes in part to the continuation of urban sprawl by offering cheap and accessible land for residential use in the periphery. This work relies on this observation and attempts to highlight the effects of a reduction in building areas on urban recycling and densification policies with the aim of redirecting the actors towards the lands and dwellings to reuse. The analysis conducted in this work is based on a multi-scale comparison of the relationship between the land availability for residential use and the indicators of urban recycling and densification. It appears from these treatments that only urban recycling reacts significantly to a reduction in available surface, particularly at the municipal scale and at the catchment area (‘bassins de vie’) level. This work argues that land availability is one of the components that explains the variation of urban recycling in Wallonia and that a reduction in the supply of legally building surfaces would make it possible to incite land recycling policies. However, the implementation of such a land policy must be followed by sectoral policies to ensure inclusive and equitable development of Wallonia.


Book
Urban Ecosystem Services
Authors: ---
Year: 2021 Publisher: Basel, Switzerland MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

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Abstract

The school of thought surrounding the urban ecosystem has increasingly become in vogue among researchers worldwide. Since half of the world’s population lives in cities, urban ecosystem services have become essential to human health and wellbeing. Rapid urban growth has forced sustainable urban developers to rethink important steps by updating and, to some degree, recreating the human–ecosystem service linkage. Assessing, as well as estimating the losses of ecosystem services can denote the essential effects of urbanization and increasingly indicate where cities fall short. This book contains 13 thoroughly refereed contributions published within the Special Issue “Urban Ecosystem Services”. The book addresses topics such as nature-based solutions, green space planning, green infrastructure, rain gardens, climate change, and more. The contributions highlight new findings for landscape architects, urban planners, and policymakers. Important future cities research is considered by looking at the system connectivity between the social and ecological sphere—via varying forms of urban planning, management, and governance. The book is supported by methods and models that utilize an urban sustainability and ecosystem service-centric focus by adding knowledge-base and real-world solutions into the urbanization phenomenon.


Book
Urban Ecosystem Services
Authors: ---
Year: 2021 Publisher: Basel, Switzerland MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

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Abstract

The school of thought surrounding the urban ecosystem has increasingly become in vogue among researchers worldwide. Since half of the world’s population lives in cities, urban ecosystem services have become essential to human health and wellbeing. Rapid urban growth has forced sustainable urban developers to rethink important steps by updating and, to some degree, recreating the human–ecosystem service linkage. Assessing, as well as estimating the losses of ecosystem services can denote the essential effects of urbanization and increasingly indicate where cities fall short. This book contains 13 thoroughly refereed contributions published within the Special Issue “Urban Ecosystem Services”. The book addresses topics such as nature-based solutions, green space planning, green infrastructure, rain gardens, climate change, and more. The contributions highlight new findings for landscape architects, urban planners, and policymakers. Important future cities research is considered by looking at the system connectivity between the social and ecological sphere—via varying forms of urban planning, management, and governance. The book is supported by methods and models that utilize an urban sustainability and ecosystem service-centric focus by adding knowledge-base and real-world solutions into the urbanization phenomenon.


Book
Urban Ecosystem Services
Authors: ---
Year: 2021 Publisher: Basel, Switzerland MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

Loading...
Export citation

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Bookmark

Abstract

The school of thought surrounding the urban ecosystem has increasingly become in vogue among researchers worldwide. Since half of the world’s population lives in cities, urban ecosystem services have become essential to human health and wellbeing. Rapid urban growth has forced sustainable urban developers to rethink important steps by updating and, to some degree, recreating the human–ecosystem service linkage. Assessing, as well as estimating the losses of ecosystem services can denote the essential effects of urbanization and increasingly indicate where cities fall short. This book contains 13 thoroughly refereed contributions published within the Special Issue “Urban Ecosystem Services”. The book addresses topics such as nature-based solutions, green space planning, green infrastructure, rain gardens, climate change, and more. The contributions highlight new findings for landscape architects, urban planners, and policymakers. Important future cities research is considered by looking at the system connectivity between the social and ecological sphere—via varying forms of urban planning, management, and governance. The book is supported by methods and models that utilize an urban sustainability and ecosystem service-centric focus by adding knowledge-base and real-world solutions into the urbanization phenomenon.

Keywords

Research & information: general --- urban planning --- urban space --- urban regeneration --- planning process --- public participation --- forest fragmentation --- sustainable development goal (SDG) --- land consumption rate to the population growth rate (LCRPGR) --- biodiversity --- non-native species --- protected species --- range expansion --- species distributions --- ecosystem services --- assessment --- urban ecosystem services --- site --- green infrastructure --- cities --- systematic literature review --- urban greenspace --- privatization --- property rights --- incremental greenspace loss --- the tyranny of small decisions --- resilience planning --- urban densification --- baseline shifts --- urban nature connection --- green spaces --- ecosystem disservices --- economic benefits --- proximity principle --- hedonic pricing analysis --- climate change --- human health, human-nature connection theory --- urbanization --- urban resilience theory --- capacity building --- municipal planning practice --- urban governance --- environmental planning --- nature-based solutions --- urban adaptive capacity --- LiDAR/NDVI --- stakeholders --- Delphi analysis --- full-scale infiltration test --- MPD infiltration test --- boreholes --- SuDS --- NBS --- flood resilience --- online climate adaptation platforms --- citizen science --- community-building --- urban planning --- urban space --- urban regeneration --- planning process --- public participation --- forest fragmentation --- sustainable development goal (SDG) --- land consumption rate to the population growth rate (LCRPGR) --- biodiversity --- non-native species --- protected species --- range expansion --- species distributions --- ecosystem services --- assessment --- urban ecosystem services --- site --- green infrastructure --- cities --- systematic literature review --- urban greenspace --- privatization --- property rights --- incremental greenspace loss --- the tyranny of small decisions --- resilience planning --- urban densification --- baseline shifts --- urban nature connection --- green spaces --- ecosystem disservices --- economic benefits --- proximity principle --- hedonic pricing analysis --- climate change --- human health, human-nature connection theory --- urbanization --- urban resilience theory --- capacity building --- municipal planning practice --- urban governance --- environmental planning --- nature-based solutions --- urban adaptive capacity --- LiDAR/NDVI --- stakeholders --- Delphi analysis --- full-scale infiltration test --- MPD infiltration test --- boreholes --- SuDS --- NBS --- flood resilience --- online climate adaptation platforms --- citizen science --- community-building

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