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Albedo is a known and documented phenomenon, defined as the reflectivity of a surface, i.e., the ratio of reflected light energy to incident light energy. It is a dimensionless quantity, used in particular in agro-forestry, urban environment, cryosphere and geology. It is an Essential Climate Variable (ECV), deemed extremely meaningful to compute the earth heat balance. The albedo of natural surfaces varies largely, especially in the visible, with the lowest values found for water bodies and dense vegetation canopies and the highest values for desert and snow. It also changes with the angular distribution and spectral composition of the incident radiation and with the surface moisture. Satellite observations allow consistent measuring of the surface albedo at continental scale over a short period of time. Long-term series of surface albedo are good indicators of climate change, especially over glaciers and polar caps. On the other hand, the albedo of bare soil provides a good diagnostic of their degradation. The reliability of satellite albedo is verified against ground-based radiometers and UAV, which also serves to calibrate the instruments embarked on space-borne observing systems and check the quality of the atmospheric correction.

surface albedo --- urbanization --- vegetation variation --- climate change --- DMSP --- albedo --- land use --- remote sensing --- Unmanned Aerial Vehicles --- vegetation indices --- snow --- climate --- Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) --- landscape --- consumer-grade camera --- radiometric calibration --- sea ice --- VIIRS --- Arctic --- PROMICE --- GC-NET --- validation --- AVHRR --- BRDF --- MODIS --- VJB --- LTDR --- directional correction --- spatial representativeness --- semivariogram --- Landsat --- HLS --- Sentinel 2 --- SURFRAD --- OzFlux --- directional hemispherical reflectance --- bi-hemispherical reflectance --- tower albedometer --- CGLS --- MISR --- upscaling --- bare soil albedo --- MODIS albedo --- contiguous United States --- soil line --- Landsat albedo --- soil moisture --- land surface albedo --- time series --- high spatio-temporal resolution --- EnKF --- spectral unmixing --- empirical modeling --- linear endmember --- forest cover --- forest management --- forest structure --- BRDF/Albedo --- NDSI Snow Cover --- n/a

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The book highlights recent advancements in the mapping and monitoring of mangrove forests using earth observation satellite data. New and historical satellite data and aerial photographs have been used to map the extent, change and bio-physical parameters, such as phenology and biomass. Research was conducted in different parts of the world. Knowledge and understanding gained from this book can be used for the sustainable management of mangrove forests of the world

Technology: general issues --- Landsat --- estuary --- protected area --- land use --- land cover --- change detection --- time series --- Great Barrier Reef --- Sentinel-2 --- ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 --- mangrove --- above-ground biomass --- extreme gradient boosting --- Can Gio biosphere reserve --- Vietnam --- LiDAR --- random forest --- GLAS --- aboveground biomass --- mangrove plantation --- aboveground biomass estimation --- optical images --- SAR --- DSM --- vegetation index --- color --- RGB --- accuracy assessment --- transgression --- mangrove development --- machine learning --- mangrove condition --- classification --- remote sensing --- ecosystem --- upscaling --- Worldview-2 --- Niger Delta Region --- mangroves --- land cover dynamics --- intensity analysis --- fragmentation --- spectral-temporal metrics --- land degradation --- ALOS PALSAR-2 --- JERS-1 --- GLCM --- Markov chain --- cellular automata --- data fusion --- forest monitoring --- Google Earth Engine --- mangrove forests --- multi-temporal analysis --- satellite earth observation --- time series analysis --- GEEMMM --- google earth engine --- Myanmar --- cloud computing --- digital earth --- GAMs --- Generalized Additive Models --- EVI --- phenology --- Landsat --- estuary --- protected area --- land use --- land cover --- change detection --- time series --- Great Barrier Reef --- Sentinel-2 --- ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 --- mangrove --- above-ground biomass --- extreme gradient boosting --- Can Gio biosphere reserve --- Vietnam --- LiDAR --- random forest --- GLAS --- aboveground biomass --- mangrove plantation --- aboveground biomass estimation --- optical images --- SAR --- DSM --- vegetation index --- color --- RGB --- accuracy assessment --- transgression --- mangrove development --- machine learning --- mangrove condition --- classification --- remote sensing --- ecosystem --- upscaling --- Worldview-2 --- Niger Delta Region --- mangroves --- land cover dynamics --- intensity analysis --- fragmentation --- spectral-temporal metrics --- land degradation --- ALOS PALSAR-2 --- JERS-1 --- GLCM --- Markov chain --- cellular automata --- data fusion --- forest monitoring --- Google Earth Engine --- mangrove forests --- multi-temporal analysis --- satellite earth observation --- time series analysis --- GEEMMM --- google earth engine --- Myanmar --- cloud computing --- digital earth --- GAMs --- Generalized Additive Models --- EVI --- phenology

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The book highlights recent advancements in the mapping and monitoring of mangrove forests using earth observation satellite data. New and historical satellite data and aerial photographs have been used to map the extent, change and bio-physical parameters, such as phenology and biomass. Research was conducted in different parts of the world. Knowledge and understanding gained from this book can be used for the sustainable management of mangrove forests of the world

Technology: general issues --- Landsat --- estuary --- protected area --- land use --- land cover --- change detection --- time series --- Great Barrier Reef --- Sentinel-2 --- ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 --- mangrove --- above-ground biomass --- extreme gradient boosting --- Can Gio biosphere reserve --- Vietnam --- LiDAR --- random forest --- GLAS --- aboveground biomass --- mangrove plantation --- aboveground biomass estimation --- optical images --- SAR --- DSM --- vegetation index --- color --- RGB --- accuracy assessment --- transgression --- mangrove development --- machine learning --- mangrove condition --- classification --- remote sensing --- ecosystem --- upscaling --- Worldview-2 --- Niger Delta Region --- mangroves --- land cover dynamics --- intensity analysis --- fragmentation --- spectral-temporal metrics --- land degradation --- ALOS PALSAR-2 --- JERS-1 --- GLCM --- Markov chain --- cellular automata --- data fusion --- forest monitoring --- Google Earth Engine --- mangrove forests --- multi-temporal analysis --- satellite earth observation --- time series analysis --- GEEMMM --- google earth engine --- Myanmar --- cloud computing --- digital earth --- GAMs --- Generalized Additive Models --- EVI --- phenology --- n/a

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Groundwater is an essential and vital water resource for drinking water production, agricultural irrigation, and industrial processes. Having a better understanding of physical and chemical processes in aquifers enables more reliable decisions and reduces investments concerning water management. This Special Issue on “Water Flow, Solute, and Heat Transfer, in Groundwater” of Water focuses on the recent advances in groundwater dynamics, and it includes high-quality papers that cover a wide range of issues on different aspects related to groundwater: protection from contamination, recharge, heat transfer, hydraulic parameters estimation, well hydraulics, microbial community, colloid transport, and mathematical models. This integrative volume aims to transfer knowledge to hydrologists, hydraulic engineers, and water resources planners, who are engaged in the sustainable development of groundwater resources.

Research & information: general --- artificial ground freezing method --- groundwater flow --- temperature field --- freezing wall --- effective hydraulic conductivity --- fractured media --- gravitational force --- numerical method --- rock penetration --- colloid size --- colloid transport --- underground water-sealed oil storage cavern --- seawater intrusion --- island tidal environment --- vertical water curtain system --- multi-physical field coupling --- scenario-based projections --- HYDRUS 1-D --- aridity index --- water balance --- grassland --- root water stress --- groundwater protection --- wellhead protection area (WHPA) --- uncertainty analysis --- soil moisture --- groundwater recharge --- evapotranspiration --- vadose zone --- soil hydraulic property --- climate --- NAPL --- volume averaging --- upscaling --- mass transfer --- fractured aquitard --- groundwater pollution --- microbial community’s diversity --- dehalogenation --- tribromoneopentyl alcohol --- 1-bromo-1-chloroethane --- geothermal water reservoir --- well spacing --- direct geothermal district heating system --- indirect geothermal district heating system --- multiobjective optimization --- technical and economic evaluation --- Richards’-equation --- simulation --- algebraic multigrid --- preconditioner --- residual saturation --- porous media --- permeability --- entrapped air --- two-phase flow --- ascending relief well --- groundwater --- seepage --- sand-tank --- modeling --- Dupuit formula --- Dupuit-Thiem formula --- porous and fractured media --- contaminant transport --- heat transfer --- parameters --- colloids --- microbial community --- field and laboratory studies --- mathematical modeling --- artificial ground freezing method --- groundwater flow --- temperature field --- freezing wall --- effective hydraulic conductivity --- fractured media --- gravitational force --- numerical method --- rock penetration --- colloid size --- colloid transport --- underground water-sealed oil storage cavern --- seawater intrusion --- island tidal environment --- vertical water curtain system --- multi-physical field coupling --- scenario-based projections --- HYDRUS 1-D --- aridity index --- water balance --- grassland --- root water stress --- groundwater protection --- wellhead protection area (WHPA) --- uncertainty analysis --- soil moisture --- groundwater recharge --- evapotranspiration --- vadose zone --- soil hydraulic property --- climate --- NAPL --- volume averaging --- upscaling --- mass transfer --- fractured aquitard --- groundwater pollution --- microbial community’s diversity --- dehalogenation --- tribromoneopentyl alcohol --- 1-bromo-1-chloroethane --- geothermal water reservoir --- well spacing --- direct geothermal district heating system --- indirect geothermal district heating system --- multiobjective optimization --- technical and economic evaluation --- Richards’-equation --- simulation --- algebraic multigrid --- preconditioner --- residual saturation --- porous media --- permeability --- entrapped air --- two-phase flow --- ascending relief well --- groundwater --- seepage --- sand-tank --- modeling --- Dupuit formula --- Dupuit-Thiem formula --- porous and fractured media --- contaminant transport --- heat transfer --- parameters --- colloids --- microbial community --- field and laboratory studies --- mathematical modeling

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Groundwater is an essential and vital water resource for drinking water production, agricultural irrigation, and industrial processes. Having a better understanding of physical and chemical processes in aquifers enables more reliable decisions and reduces investments concerning water management. This Special Issue on “Water Flow, Solute, and Heat Transfer, in Groundwater” of Water focuses on the recent advances in groundwater dynamics, and it includes high-quality papers that cover a wide range of issues on different aspects related to groundwater: protection from contamination, recharge, heat transfer, hydraulic parameters estimation, well hydraulics, microbial community, colloid transport, and mathematical models. This integrative volume aims to transfer knowledge to hydrologists, hydraulic engineers, and water resources planners, who are engaged in the sustainable development of groundwater resources.

artificial ground freezing method --- groundwater flow --- temperature field --- freezing wall --- effective hydraulic conductivity --- fractured media --- gravitational force --- numerical method --- rock penetration --- colloid size --- colloid transport --- underground water-sealed oil storage cavern --- seawater intrusion --- island tidal environment --- vertical water curtain system --- multi-physical field coupling --- scenario-based projections --- HYDRUS 1-D --- aridity index --- water balance --- grassland --- root water stress --- groundwater protection --- wellhead protection area (WHPA) --- uncertainty analysis --- soil moisture --- groundwater recharge --- evapotranspiration --- vadose zone --- soil hydraulic property --- climate --- NAPL --- volume averaging --- upscaling --- mass transfer --- fractured aquitard --- groundwater pollution --- microbial community’s diversity --- dehalogenation --- tribromoneopentyl alcohol --- 1-bromo-1-chloroethane --- geothermal water reservoir --- well spacing --- direct geothermal district heating system --- indirect geothermal district heating system --- multiobjective optimization --- technical and economic evaluation --- Richards’-equation --- simulation --- algebraic multigrid --- preconditioner --- residual saturation --- porous media --- permeability --- entrapped air --- two-phase flow --- ascending relief well --- groundwater --- seepage --- sand-tank --- modeling --- Dupuit formula --- Dupuit-Thiem formula --- porous and fractured media --- contaminant transport --- heat transfer --- parameters --- colloids --- microbial community --- field and laboratory studies --- mathematical modeling