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Analyzes guerrilla struggles across five continents, profiles important figures, and gives extensive bibliographical information.

Guerrilla warfare --- Unconventional warfare --- Insurgency --- War --- Irregular warfare --- History. --- Guerrillas --- Bibliography.

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Against the background of continued growth disappointments, depressed inflation expectations, and declining real equilibrium interest rates, a number of central banks have implemented negative interest rate policies (NIRP) to provide additional monetary policy stimulus over the past few years. This paper studies the sources and implications of NIRP. It reports four main results. First, monetary transmission channels under NIRP are conceptually analogous to those under conventional monetary policy but NIRP present complications that could limit policy effectiveness. Second, since the introduction of NIRP, many of the key financial variables have evolved broadly as implied by the standard transmission channels. Third, NIRP could pose risks to financial stability, particularly if policy rates are substantially below zero or if NIRP are employed for a protracted period of time. Potential adverse consequences include the erosion of profitability of banks and other financial intermediaries, and excessive risk taking. However, there has so far been no significant evidence that financial stability has been compromised because of NIRP. Fourth, spillover implications of NIRP for emerging market and developing economies are mostly similar to those of other unconventional monetary policy measures. In sum, NIRP have a place in a policy maker's toolkit but, given their domestic and global implications, these policies need to be handled with care to secure their benefits while mitigating risks.

Bank Profitability --- Industry --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Quantitative Easing --- Unconventional Monetary Policy

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Social movements --- Guerrilla warfare --- Movimiento social. --- Conflicto armado. --- Unconventional warfare --- Insurgency --- War --- Irregular warfare --- Latin America --- Social conditions

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The purpose of this thesis is to examine the unconventional monetary policies introduced by the European Central Bank (ECB) after the 2008 financial crisis and to study their impact on interest rates in the euro area. First, we present the conventional and unconventional monetary policies undertaken by the ECB and their transmission channels. The rest of this thesis is dedicated to analyzing the impact of the unconventional monetary policies on interest rates in Europe and two transmission channels through which they operate: the signaling channel and the portfolio-rebalance channel. To do so, we use an event-study methodology focusing on the immediate changes in euro area government bond (EAGB) yields over a 2-day interval around the ECB’s announcements in order to capture the market’s direct reaction to the news released. We then take the cumulative changes over all the relevant events as a measure of the overall effects of the announcements on interest rates. Our results suggest that unconventional monetary policies decline EAGB yields at all maturities and on average by about 41 basis points. The decomposition of interest rate responses shows that market expectation about future short rates, as proxied by the IRS rates, rises across all maturities, while term premiums, as reflected by the spreads between EAGB yields and their corresponding IRS rates, fall at all maturities. It appears that ECB’s unconventional monetary policies are useful in reducing the term premium of interest rates through the portfolio rebalance channel, but the fall in term premium is largely offset by the rise in market expectation about future short rates. Therefore, the portfolio rebalance channel is dominant in the programs conducted by the ECB, while the signaling channel seems to be less obvious.

ECB --- Unconventional monetary policy --- Financial crisis --- Quantitative easing --- event study --- government bond yields --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Macroéconomie & économie monétaire

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International authorities here investigate research into the prion diseases which include Scrapie of sheep, BSE the ""Mad Cow"" disease, and CJD one of the human diseases. The role of metals in these diseases has become of great importance, linking it with some of the changes in Alzheimer's disease. The book focuses on metabolism of copper and manganese which are found in these diseases. It stems from proceedings of the international workshop at Christ's College, Cambridge University in 2001. After an introduction on the history of research into the diseases, there are discussions on the effec

Prion diseases. --- Copper --- Metabolism. --- Copper metabolism --- Copper in the body --- Encephalopathies, Spongiform --- Prion infections --- Spongiform encephalopathies --- Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies --- Unconventional slow virus diseases --- Communicable diseases --- Slow virus diseases