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Nerve sheath tumors can be a significant cause of morbidity for many patients. These include benign tumors such as schwannomas, diffuse and plexiform neurofibromas, and atypical neurofibromas, as well as the aggressive soft tissue sarcoma known as the malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST). Nerve sheath tumors occur sporadically and in the context of the clinical neuro-genetic tumor predisposition syndromes neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and type 2 (NF2). Historically, the mainstay of treatment for nerve sheath tumors has been surgery. However, for both benign and malignant nerve sheath tumors, there is a high recurrence rate, highlighting the pressing need for novel therapies. As we have entered the genomic era, the hope is that an improved understanding of the genetics, and therefore the biology, of these tumors will ultimately lead to therapies that result in better outcomes. In this Special Issue, we include both review articles and original research related to the genomic understanding and modeling of schwannomas, plexiform and diffuse neurofibromas, atypical neurofibromas, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors as well as genomic methods being developed and applied to advance our understanding of these tumors.

neurofibromatosis type 1 --- nerve sheath tumor --- cancer --- latent variables --- machine learning --- supervised learning --- transfer learning --- random forest --- metaVIPER --- tumor deconvolution --- neurofibromatosis --- malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor --- MPNST --- polycomb repressive complex --- PRC2 --- NF1 --- kinase --- kinome adaptation --- kinome reprogramming --- MET --- MEK --- doxorubicin --- capmatinib --- tram --- genomics --- tumor evolution --- pathology --- next generation sequencing --- clinical genetics --- malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors --- plexiform neurofibromas --- Schwann cells --- neurofibromatosis type 1 syndrome --- neurofibromin 1 --- genetically engineered mouse models --- heterogeneity --- CRISPR/Cas9 --- mouse models --- sarcoma --- tumor microenvironment --- neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) --- mebendazole (MBZ) --- COX-2 inhibitor --- malignancy --- chemoprevention --- nerve sheath tumors

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In the era of precision medicine, the use of molecularly targeted therapies in selected patients has led to a paradigm change in cancer treatment. Multiple studies have demonstrated the benefits of therapies that are chosen based on the molecular profile of the tumor and also from the liquid biopsy. With genomics' increasing ability, a routine transcriptomics analysis of advanced/metastatic cancers is now feasible in most cancer hospitals, including community cancer centers. This is an unprecedented shift in the management of cancers irrespective of their organ types, which not only improved the outcome but also opened several new avenues in research and practice, such as immune-check-point inhibitors, tumor-TME co-evolution in the development of resistance, longitudinal liquid biopsies, biomarkers screening and the management of electronic medical records.This book brings together these crucial areas of investigation. The research presented here attempts to address the current issues to provoke thoughts for the future. The future of precision medicine will have to embrace a shift from in vitro, in vivo/PDX models for the mechanistic study to a more functional test based on the scientific interrogation of genomic data, in the form of functional precision medicine. We will also have to combat the element of noise in the multitudes of data and impart the regulatory structure to make judicious use of the data. The expectations for functional precision medicine are high. We aspire to witness a tremendous improvement in patient outcomes, from better to best, down the road that will match the clinical guidelines.

Medicine --- Oncology --- pediatric tumors --- tumor mutational burden --- TMB --- whole-exome sequencing --- gene panel sequencing --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- glioblastoma prognosis --- overall survival --- extent of resection --- random forest --- Decision tree --- personalized precision oncology --- circulating free DNA --- liquid biopsy --- epidermal growth factor receptor --- tyrosine kinase inhibitor --- osimertinib --- comprehensive genomic profiling --- molecular genotyping --- intratumor heterogeneity --- multiple biopsies --- tumor evolution --- clonality classification --- strategic therapeutic intervention --- thymoma --- driver mutation --- sequencing --- molecular barcoding --- EGFR mutation --- EGFR-TKI --- cfDNA --- NGS --- digital enrichment --- next-generation sequencing --- solid cancer --- universal health-care system --- precision medicine --- presumed germline findings --- clinical guideline --- non-small cell lung cancer --- outcome --- adjuvant chemotherapy --- anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase --- HNSCC --- ctDNA --- tDNA --- DDR genes --- PARP inhibitors --- new drug development --- next-generation sequencing (NGS) --- open data --- regulatory reform --- tumor profiling test --- triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) --- breast cancer --- targeted therapy --- TNBC subtypes --- immunotherapy --- cancer --- screening --- smoking --- electronic records --- PD-L1 --- cancer-associated fibroblasts --- resistance --- chemotherapy --- CTC --- immunocytochemistry --- parallel double-detection --- laboratory-friendly --- n/a

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In the era of precision medicine, the use of molecularly targeted therapies in selected patients has led to a paradigm change in cancer treatment. Multiple studies have demonstrated the benefits of therapies that are chosen based on the molecular profile of the tumor and also from the liquid biopsy. With genomics' increasing ability, a routine transcriptomics analysis of advanced/metastatic cancers is now feasible in most cancer hospitals, including community cancer centers. This is an unprecedented shift in the management of cancers irrespective of their organ types, which not only improved the outcome but also opened several new avenues in research and practice, such as immune-check-point inhibitors, tumor-TME co-evolution in the development of resistance, longitudinal liquid biopsies, biomarkers screening and the management of electronic medical records.This book brings together these crucial areas of investigation. The research presented here attempts to address the current issues to provoke thoughts for the future. The future of precision medicine will have to embrace a shift from in vitro, in vivo/PDX models for the mechanistic study to a more functional test based on the scientific interrogation of genomic data, in the form of functional precision medicine. We will also have to combat the element of noise in the multitudes of data and impart the regulatory structure to make judicious use of the data. The expectations for functional precision medicine are high. We aspire to witness a tremendous improvement in patient outcomes, from better to best, down the road that will match the clinical guidelines.

pediatric tumors --- tumor mutational burden --- TMB --- whole-exome sequencing --- gene panel sequencing --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- glioblastoma prognosis --- overall survival --- extent of resection --- random forest --- Decision tree --- personalized precision oncology --- circulating free DNA --- liquid biopsy --- epidermal growth factor receptor --- tyrosine kinase inhibitor --- osimertinib --- comprehensive genomic profiling --- molecular genotyping --- intratumor heterogeneity --- multiple biopsies --- tumor evolution --- clonality classification --- strategic therapeutic intervention --- thymoma --- driver mutation --- sequencing --- molecular barcoding --- EGFR mutation --- EGFR-TKI --- cfDNA --- NGS --- digital enrichment --- next-generation sequencing --- solid cancer --- universal health-care system --- precision medicine --- presumed germline findings --- clinical guideline --- non-small cell lung cancer --- outcome --- adjuvant chemotherapy --- anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase --- HNSCC --- ctDNA --- tDNA --- DDR genes --- PARP inhibitors --- new drug development --- next-generation sequencing (NGS) --- open data --- regulatory reform --- tumor profiling test --- triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) --- breast cancer --- targeted therapy --- TNBC subtypes --- immunotherapy --- cancer --- screening --- smoking --- electronic records --- PD-L1 --- cancer-associated fibroblasts --- resistance --- chemotherapy --- CTC --- immunocytochemistry --- parallel double-detection --- laboratory-friendly --- n/a

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Improved understanding of the cellular and molecular makeup of tumors in the last 30 years has unraveled a previously unexpected level of heterogeneity among tumor cells as well as within the tumor microenvironment. The concept of tumor heterogeneity underlines the realization that different tumors can display significant differences in their genomic content as well as in their overall behavior. Our capacity to better understand the heterogeneous make up of tumors has very important consequences on our ability to design efficient therapeutic strategies to improve patient survival. This book highlights several aspects of tumor heterogeneity in the context of metastatic development and summarize some of the challenges posed by heterogeneity for tumor diagnostics and therapeutic management of tumors.

Medicine --- clear cell renal cell carcinoma --- tumor evolution --- tumor ecology --- intratumor heterogeneity --- multisite tumor sampling --- targeted therapy --- uterine carcinosarcoma --- endometrial carcinoma --- metaplastic carcinoma --- epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition --- clonality --- mutation --- TP53 --- PI3K/AKT pathway --- gene expression --- miRNA expression --- tumor microenvironment --- interstitial pH --- acidosis --- tumor heterogeneity --- magnetic resonance imaging --- hyperpolarized 13C MRI --- carbonic anhydrase --- lactic acid --- positron emission tomography --- esophageal squamous cell carcinoma --- precision medicine --- natural killer cells --- tumor mutation burden --- immunotherapy --- PET --- heterogeneity --- radiomics --- radiopharmaceuticals --- SUV --- nuclear medicine --- colon cancer --- Wnt signaling --- phenotypic plasticity --- EMT --- hybrid E/M --- collective and single-cell migration --- beta-catenin paradox --- breast cancer --- immune microenvironment --- DCIS --- ADH --- mammary gland --- cell fate --- 3D cultures --- organoids --- signaling --- single-cell RNAseq --- tumor endothelial cell --- metastasis --- angiocrine factor --- microsatellite instability --- colorectal cancer --- immune checkpoints --- deficient mismatch repair --- plasticity --- biomechanics --- circulating tumor cells (CTCs) --- extracellular vesicles --- metastatic niche --- epigenetics --- CTC-clusters --- single-cell analysis --- cellular heterogeneity --- circulating tumor cells --- pancreatic cancer --- epithelial mesenchymal plasticity --- target discovery --- review --- genomics --- intra-tumour heterogeneity --- subclonal diversity --- treatment resistance --- clear cell renal cell carcinoma --- tumor evolution --- tumor ecology --- intratumor heterogeneity --- multisite tumor sampling --- targeted therapy --- uterine carcinosarcoma --- endometrial carcinoma --- metaplastic carcinoma --- epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition --- clonality --- mutation --- TP53 --- PI3K/AKT pathway --- gene expression --- miRNA expression --- tumor microenvironment --- interstitial pH --- acidosis --- tumor heterogeneity --- magnetic resonance imaging --- hyperpolarized 13C MRI --- carbonic anhydrase --- lactic acid --- positron emission tomography --- esophageal squamous cell carcinoma --- precision medicine --- natural killer cells --- tumor mutation burden --- immunotherapy --- PET --- heterogeneity --- radiomics --- radiopharmaceuticals --- SUV --- nuclear medicine --- colon cancer --- Wnt signaling --- phenotypic plasticity --- EMT --- hybrid E/M --- collective and single-cell migration --- beta-catenin paradox --- breast cancer --- immune microenvironment --- DCIS --- ADH --- mammary gland --- cell fate --- 3D cultures --- organoids --- signaling --- single-cell RNAseq --- tumor endothelial cell --- metastasis --- angiocrine factor --- microsatellite instability --- colorectal cancer --- immune checkpoints --- deficient mismatch repair --- plasticity --- biomechanics --- circulating tumor cells (CTCs) --- extracellular vesicles --- metastatic niche --- epigenetics --- CTC-clusters --- single-cell analysis --- cellular heterogeneity --- circulating tumor cells --- pancreatic cancer --- epithelial mesenchymal plasticity --- target discovery --- review --- genomics --- intra-tumour heterogeneity --- subclonal diversity --- treatment resistance

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With the development of analytical instruments, the academic system has become more complicated, producing new journals one after another. Therefore, it became much important to clarify what is original of “Medicines”. As the name Medicines indicates, it includes science and practice of caring for a patient and managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment or palliation of their injury or disease. Therefore, Medicines differs from other journals with similar title in that it covers a wide range of fields, from traditional medicine to rapidly developing molecular-targeted drugs, focusing on their pharmacological effects, structure–activity relationships, metabolic pathways, gene expression, using cultured cells, animals, and clinical trials. Most parts of this Special Issue were written by our editorial board members, who described the research topics and how they are engaged in their field of research. All of these articles are their life-long story. We collected a total number of 22 original works by basic researchers and clinical doctors. We hope that readers can get a chance to know the current status of diverse fields of medicines, and what your most important research themes are after reading these articles.

Medicine --- Hedychium --- traditional medicine --- coronarin D --- villosin --- anti-acetylcholinesterase --- antidiabetic --- anti-inflammatory --- antimicrobial --- antioxidant --- antitumor --- Genista tridentata --- Pterospartum tridentatum --- isoflavones --- flavonols --- genistein --- biochanin A --- rutin --- daidzein --- inflammatory bowel disease --- Crohn’s disease --- ulcerative colitis --- extra-intestinal manifestations --- orofacial granulomatosis --- tag-like lesions --- cobblestoning --- mucogingivitis --- lip swelling --- aphthous stomatitis --- Angelicae Sinensis Radix --- Danggui --- granules --- herb --- multivariate analysis --- ultra-performance liquid chromatography --- Tai Chi --- qigong --- immune system --- immunity --- inflammation --- telemedicine --- remote monitoring --- GER-e-TEC --- elderly patient --- artificial intelligence --- geriatric syndromes --- detection of the precursory signs of decompensation of geriatric syndromes --- renal cell cancer --- genomic landscape --- targeted therapy --- tumor evolution --- tumor heterogeneity --- allergic rhinitis --- quercetin --- human CD4+ T cells --- Th1/Th2 cytokine balance --- modulation --- in vitro --- intravascular catheter --- CRBSI --- biofilm --- CVC --- antifouling --- chromone --- tumor specificity --- QSAR analysis --- apoptosis --- cell cycle analysis --- contrast-enhanced ultrasound --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- LI-RADS --- chronic liver disease --- granuloma annulare --- granulomatous disorders of the skin --- inflammatory skin conditions --- medical dermatology --- biliary tract cancer --- cholangiocarcinoma --- PARP --- BRCA --- olaparib --- rucaparib --- liver cancer --- pancreatic adenocarcinoma --- pancreatic cancer --- sarcoidosis --- superior vena cava syndrome --- venous thrombosis --- RUCAM --- Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method --- diagnostic algorithm --- iDILI --- iDrug induced liver injury --- DILI --- HILI --- herb induced liver injury --- Stachys L. --- traditional uses --- pharmacological activities --- phytochemicals --- bioactive compounds --- Kampo formulae --- alkaline extract of Sasa sp. --- pine cone extract --- povidone-iodine --- HSV --- HIV --- loss of infectivity --- solubilization method --- diaphragmatic breathing --- abdominal breathing --- breathing exercise --- systematic review --- randomized controlled trial --- respiratory function --- auricular acupuncture --- preoperative anxiety --- protocol --- randomized controlled trials --- meta-analysis --- boiogito --- knee osteoarthritis --- rat --- Yokukansan --- fentanyl --- transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel --- phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) --- whole-cell patch-clamp recording --- herbal medicine --- calcium metabolism --- bone metabolism --- protease --- osteoclast --- macrophage --- RANKL --- LPS --- TLR4 --- TREM2 --- Hedychium --- traditional medicine --- coronarin D --- villosin --- anti-acetylcholinesterase --- antidiabetic --- anti-inflammatory --- antimicrobial --- antioxidant --- antitumor --- Genista tridentata --- Pterospartum tridentatum --- isoflavones --- flavonols --- genistein --- biochanin A --- rutin --- daidzein --- inflammatory bowel disease --- Crohn’s disease --- ulcerative colitis --- extra-intestinal manifestations --- orofacial granulomatosis --- tag-like lesions --- cobblestoning --- mucogingivitis --- lip swelling --- aphthous stomatitis --- Angelicae Sinensis Radix --- Danggui --- granules --- herb --- multivariate analysis --- ultra-performance liquid chromatography --- Tai Chi --- qigong --- immune system --- immunity --- inflammation --- telemedicine --- remote monitoring --- GER-e-TEC --- elderly patient --- artificial intelligence --- geriatric syndromes --- detection of the precursory signs of decompensation of geriatric syndromes --- renal cell cancer --- genomic landscape --- targeted therapy --- tumor evolution --- tumor heterogeneity --- allergic rhinitis --- quercetin --- human CD4+ T cells --- Th1/Th2 cytokine balance --- modulation --- in vitro --- intravascular catheter --- CRBSI --- biofilm --- CVC --- antifouling --- chromone --- tumor specificity --- QSAR analysis --- apoptosis --- cell cycle analysis --- contrast-enhanced ultrasound --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- LI-RADS --- chronic liver disease --- granuloma annulare --- granulomatous disorders of the skin --- inflammatory skin conditions --- medical dermatology --- biliary tract cancer --- cholangiocarcinoma --- PARP --- BRCA --- olaparib --- rucaparib --- liver cancer --- pancreatic adenocarcinoma --- pancreatic cancer --- sarcoidosis --- superior vena cava syndrome --- venous thrombosis --- RUCAM --- Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method --- diagnostic algorithm --- iDILI --- iDrug induced liver injury --- DILI --- HILI --- herb induced liver injury --- Stachys L. --- traditional uses --- pharmacological activities --- phytochemicals --- bioactive compounds --- Kampo formulae --- alkaline extract of Sasa sp. --- pine cone extract --- povidone-iodine --- HSV --- HIV --- loss of infectivity --- solubilization method --- diaphragmatic breathing --- abdominal breathing --- breathing exercise --- systematic review --- randomized controlled trial --- respiratory function --- auricular acupuncture --- preoperative anxiety --- protocol --- randomized controlled trials --- meta-analysis --- boiogito --- knee osteoarthritis --- rat --- Yokukansan --- fentanyl --- transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel --- phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) --- whole-cell patch-clamp recording --- herbal medicine --- calcium metabolism --- bone metabolism --- protease --- osteoclast --- macrophage --- RANKL --- LPS --- TLR4 --- TREM2