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The aim of this master’s thesis was to study the abundances of multiple tropospheric air pollutants, monitored at the Jungfraujoch Observatory (Switzerland), in the context of the covid-19 lockdown. It was found that the abundance of multiple species was reduced in year 2020 in comparison to the multiyear time series (2010-2019). More specifically, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, CH3OH, H2CO, HCOOH and tropospheric O3 concentrations were reduced during lockdown. However, for CH4, CO, HCN and NH3, no concluding or robust evidences of an effect of lockdown on their abundances was found. Further research is needed to clarify and quantify to what extent the covid-19 lockdown has contributed to this atmospheric change.

Air pollution --- Covid-19 --- Lockdown --- Volatile organic compounds --- Tropospheric ozone --- Jungfraujoch --- Physique, chimie, mathématiques & sciences de la terre > Aérospatiale, astronomie & astrophysique

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Biotransformation has accompanied mankind since the Neolithic community, when people settled down and began to engage in agriculture. Modern biocatalysis started in the mid-1850s with the pioneer works of Pasteur. Today, biotransformations have become an indispensable part of our lives, similar to other hi-tech products. Now, in 2019, biocatalysis “received” the Nobel Prize in Chemistry due to prof. Frances H. Arnold’s achievements in the area of the directed evolution of enzymes. This book deals with some major topics of biotransformation, such as the application of enzymatic methods in glycobiology, including the synthesis of hyaluronan, complex glycoconjugates of N-acetylmuramic acid, and the enzymatic deglycosylation of rutin. Enzymatic redox reactions were exemplified by the enzymatic synthesis of indigo from indole, oxidations of β-ketoesters and the engineering of a horse radish peroxidase. The enzymatic reactions were elegantly employed in biosensors, such as glucose oxidase, in the case of electrochemical glucose sensors. Nitrilases are important enzymes for nitrile metabolism in plants and microorganisms have already found broad application in industry—here, these enzymes were for the first time described in Basidiomyceta. This book nicely describes molecular biocatalysis as a pluripotent methodology—“A jack of all trades...”—which strongly contributes to the high quality and sustainability of our daily lives.

AIRS --- MERRA-2 --- ozone --- trend --- spatial and temporal O3 --- cultivars --- EDU (ethylenediurea) --- grain yield --- India --- wheat --- Crown defoliation --- drought --- Gross Primary Production --- modified Temperature Vegetation Wetness Index --- MODIS --- Soil Moisture --- chlorophyll fluorescence --- elevated O3 --- N limitation --- non-photochemical quenching --- photodamage --- allometric relationship --- determinant species --- leaf aging --- stomatal conductance --- ozone uptake --- Vitis vinifera --- open top chambers --- ozone damage metrics --- wine quality --- air pollution --- carbon dioxide --- ethylenediurea --- gross primary production --- plant protection --- tropospheric ozone --- plant ecosystems

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The stratospheric ozone is important for the protection of the biosphere from the dangerous ultraviolet radiation of the sun, forms the temperature and dynamical structure of the stratosphere, and, therefore, has a direct influence on the general circulation and the surface climate. The tropospheric ozone can damage the biosphere, impact human health, and plays a role as a powerful greenhouse gas. That is why the understanding of the past and future evolution of the ozone in different atmospheric layers, as well as its influence on surface UV radiation doses, and human health is important. The problems of preventing further destruction of the ozone layer, the restoration of the ozone shield in the future, and air quality remain important for society. The interest in these problems was recently enhanced by the unexpected discovery of a negative ozone trend in the lower stratosphere and the appearance of a large ozone hole over the Arctic in spring 2020. This book includes papers describing several aspects of the ozone layer’s state and evolution based on the recent experimental, statistical, and modeling works. The book will be useful for readers, scientists, and students interested in environmental science.

Research & information: general --- ozone --- PM2.5 --- PM10 --- nitrogen dioxide --- respiratory disease --- decision tree model --- merra ozone data --- discontinuities in reanalysis time series --- trend analyses --- total ozone content --- cloudiness --- erythemal radiation --- trend --- chemical–climate model --- ERA-Interim reanalysis --- Northern Eurasia --- UV resources --- stratospheric ozone --- natural and anthropogenic factors --- numerical modeling --- satellite observations --- trend estimations --- tropospheric ozone --- stratospheric intrusion --- horizontal-trough --- ozone layer evolution --- modeling --- climate change --- solar forcing --- ozone precursors --- total column of ozone (TCO) --- trend estimates --- long short-term memory networks (LSTM) --- empirical wavelet transform (EWT) --- forecasting --- Mann-Kendall --- ozone exceedance --- urban site --- rural site --- human health --- ozone enhancement --- Irene --- ozone decline --- potential vorticity --- ozonesondes --- ultraviolet radiation --- forcing

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The stratospheric ozone is important for the protection of the biosphere from the dangerous ultraviolet radiation of the sun, forms the temperature and dynamical structure of the stratosphere, and, therefore, has a direct influence on the general circulation and the surface climate. The tropospheric ozone can damage the biosphere, impact human health, and plays a role as a powerful greenhouse gas. That is why the understanding of the past and future evolution of the ozone in different atmospheric layers, as well as its influence on surface UV radiation doses, and human health is important. The problems of preventing further destruction of the ozone layer, the restoration of the ozone shield in the future, and air quality remain important for society. The interest in these problems was recently enhanced by the unexpected discovery of a negative ozone trend in the lower stratosphere and the appearance of a large ozone hole over the Arctic in spring 2020. This book includes papers describing several aspects of the ozone layer’s state and evolution based on the recent experimental, statistical, and modeling works. The book will be useful for readers, scientists, and students interested in environmental science.

Research & information: general --- ozone --- PM2.5 --- PM10 --- nitrogen dioxide --- respiratory disease --- decision tree model --- merra ozone data --- discontinuities in reanalysis time series --- trend analyses --- total ozone content --- cloudiness --- erythemal radiation --- trend --- chemical–climate model --- ERA-Interim reanalysis --- Northern Eurasia --- UV resources --- stratospheric ozone --- natural and anthropogenic factors --- numerical modeling --- satellite observations --- trend estimations --- tropospheric ozone --- stratospheric intrusion --- horizontal-trough --- ozone layer evolution --- modeling --- climate change --- solar forcing --- ozone precursors --- total column of ozone (TCO) --- trend estimates --- long short-term memory networks (LSTM) --- empirical wavelet transform (EWT) --- forecasting --- Mann-Kendall --- ozone exceedance --- urban site --- rural site --- human health --- ozone enhancement --- Irene --- ozone decline --- potential vorticity --- ozonesondes --- ultraviolet radiation --- forcing