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Sino-Mongol relations during the Ming. : the horse fairs (1400-1600)
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Year: 1975 Publisher: Bruxelles: Institut belge des hautes études chinoises,

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Sino-Mongol relations during the Ming
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Year: 1967 Publisher: Bruxelles : Institut belge des hautes études chinoises,

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The Chinese world order : traditional China's foreign relations
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ISBN: 0196264251 Year: 1968 Volume: 32 Publisher: Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press,

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Huang ming wai yi chao gong kao jiao zhu
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ISBN: 9789571723242 957172324X Year: 2020 Publisher: Taibei : Xin wen feng chu ban gu fen you xian gong si,

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Sino-Mongol relations during the Ming
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Year: 1967 Volume: <14-17> Publisher: Bruxelles : Institut belge des hautes études chinoises,

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Sino-Mongol relations during the Ming
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Year: 1959 Publisher: Bruxelles : Institut belge des hautes études chinoises,

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The king's road : diplomacy and the remaking of the Silk Road
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ISBN: 0691243204 9780691243207 Year: 2023 Publisher: Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press

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An exciting and richly detailed new history of the Silk Road that tells how it became more important as a route for diplomacy than for tradeThe King’s Road offers a new interpretation of the history of the Silk Road, emphasizing its importance as a diplomatic route, rather than a commercial one. Tracing the arduous journeys of diplomatic envoys, Xin Wen presents a rich social history of long-distance travel that played out in deserts, post stations, palaces, and polo fields. The book tells the story of the everyday lives of diplomatic travelers on the Silk Road—what they ate and drank, the gifts they carried, and the animals that accompanied them—and how they navigated a complex web of geographic, cultural, and linguistic boundaries. It also describes the risks and dangers envoys faced along the way—from financial catastrophe to robbery and murder.Using documents unearthed from the famous Dunhuang “library cave” in Western China, The King’s Road paints a detailed picture of the intricate network of trans-Eurasian transportation and communication routes that was established between 850 and 1000 CE. By exploring the motivations of the kings who dispatched envoys along the Silk Road and describing the transformative social and economic effects of their journeys, the book reveals the inner workings of an interstate network distinct from the Sino-centric “tributary” system.In shifting the narrative of the Silk Road from the transport of commodities to the exchange of diplomatic gifts and personnel, The King’s Road puts the history of Eastern Eurasia in a new light.


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Britain's Second Embassy to China : Lord Amherst's 'Special Mission' to the Jiaqing Emperor In 1816.
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ISBN: 1760464090 1760464082 Year: 2021 Publisher: Canberra ANU Press

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Lord Amherst's diplomatic mission to the Qing Court in 1816 was the second British embassy to China. The first led by Lord Macartney in 1793 had failed to achieve its goals. It was thought that Amherst had better prospects of success, but the intense diplomatic encounter that greeted his arrival ended badly. Amherst never appeared before the Jiaqing emperor and his embassy was expelled from Peking on the day it arrived. Historians have blamed Amherst for this outcome, citing his over-reliance on the advice of his Second Commissioner, Sir George Thomas Staunton, not to kowtow before the emperor. Detailed analysis of British sources reveal that Amherst was well informed on the kowtow issue and made his own decision for which he took full responsibility. Success was always unlikely because of irreconcilable differences in approach. China’s conduct of foreign relations based on the tributary system required submission to the emperor, thus relegating all foreign emissaries and the rulers they represented to vassal status, whereas British diplomatic practice was centred on negotiation and Westphalian principles of equality between nations. The Amherst embassy’s failure revised British assessments of China and led some observers to believe that force, rather than diplomacy, might be required in future to achieve British goals. The Opium War of 1840 that followed set a precedent for foreign interference in China, resulting in a century of 'humiliation’. This resonates today in President Xi Jinping’s call for ‘National Rejuvenation’ to restore China’s historic place at the centre of a new Sino-centric global order.


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Justice in a New World : Negotiating Legal Intelligibility in British, Iberian, and Indigenous America
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ISBN: 147983839X Year: 2018 Publisher: New York, NY : New York University Press,

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Ultimately, Justice in a New World offers both a deeper understanding of the transformation of notions of justice and law among settlers and indigenous people, and a dual comparative study of what it means for laws and moral codes to be legally intelligible. Europeans and natives appealed to imperfect understandings of their interlocutors' notions of justice and advanced their own conceptions during workaday negotiations, disputes, and assertions of right. Settlers' and indigenous peoples' legal presuppositions shaped and sometimes misdirected their attempts to employ each other's law. Natives and settlers construed and misconstrued each other's legal commitments while learning about them, never quite sure whether they were on solid ground. Chapters explore the problem of "legal intelligibility": How and to what extent did settler law and its associated notions of justice became intelligible--tactically, technically and morally--to natives, and vice versa? To address this question, the volume offers a critical comparison between English and Iberian New World empires. Chapters probe such topics as treaty negotiations, land sales, and the corporate privileges of indigenous peoples. . A historical and legal examination of the conflict and interplay between settler and indigenous laws in the New WorldAs British and Iberian empires expanded across the New World, differing notions of justice and legality played out against one another as settlers and indigenous people sought to negotiate their relationship. In order for settlers and natives to learn from, maneuver, resist, or accommodate each other, they had to grasp something of each other's legal ideas and conceptions of justice.This ambitious volume advances our understanding of how natives and settlers in both the British and Iberian New World empires struggled to use the other's ideas of law and justice as a political, strategic, and moral resource. In so doing, indigenous people and settlers alike changed their own practices of law and dialogue about justice. .

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