Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Aminotransferases (AST, ALT) are widely used for the assessment of liver disease. Several factors including body-mass index, sex, age and genetics factors are known to affect aminotransferases levels. The impact of end-stage renal disease on AST and ALT levels has been shown in several small-sized cross-sectional studies in the seventies. More recently, Fabrizi & al {2001), performed a multivariable cross-sectional analysis on a larger stage 4 CKD population and showed a significant independent correlation between AST (but not on ALT) and creatinine levels The aim of our study was to investigate whether patients with CKD stage 4-5 show a decrease of their aminotransferases levels when their eGFR decreases.Methods: The study population is based on a previously published cohort of 396 patients with stage 4 CKD {15eGFR < 30ml/min/ 1.73m2) and without prior renal replacement therapy, followed at the Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc. The inclusion period extended from 1/11/04 to 30/04/07. Patients with liver disease (fatty liver disease, viral hepatitis, hepatocarcinoma or liver metastasis, auto-immune hepatitis,...), chronic alcohol abuse or liver transplant were excluded, based on the review of medical charts, leaving 347 patients Laboratory and clinical data were collected, at inclusion, 12± 6 months and 24± 6 months later. Follow-up was until: death,renal replacement therapy,lost on follow-up or 24months after inclusion, whichever first. We conducted a longitudinal multivariable linear regression analysis of the potential determinants (BMI, eGFR, use of statin, obtained at each period, death during follow-up, age and gender) of ALT, AST levels. Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) was used as a control presumably unaffected by GFR evolution over time.Results : eGFR, ALT and AST declined from inclusion to 24 months (eGFR 23 ± 4 versus 21±7, AST 23 ± 8 versus 21 ± 7, ALT 21 ± 16 versus 19 ± 17,GGT 47 ± 67 versus 30 ±23),but by univariate analysis, only eGFR decrease was significant (p=0.001). However we showed a significant association between the evolution of eGFR and both AST (p= 000.1) and ALT (p=0.001) but not GGT (p=0.219) by multivariable longitudinal analysis.Conclusion : eGFR level should be considered in the interpretation of aminotransferases levels (including the definition of normal levels) in patients with severe CKD. Outre l'impact bien connu des maladies hépatiques en général sur le taux des transaminases (GOT, GPT), diverses études se sont déjà intéressées aux facteurs susceptibles d'influencer le taux de ces enzymes dans la population générale, tels que l'âge, le sexe, le BMI et plus récemment des facteurs génétiques. L'impact de l'insuffisance rénale chronique pré-terminale sur le taux de GOT et GPT a fait l'objet de plusieurs études transversales de petite taille au cours des années 70. Plus récemment, Fabrizi et al. (2001). ont réalisé une analyse transversale multivariée sur une large population d'insuffisants chroniques de stade 4 et ont montré une relation significative entre le taux des GOT (mais pas des GPT) et le taux de créatinine sérique. L'hypothèse que nous avons étudiée est la suivante : les insuffisants rénaux chroniques, de stade 4-5,présentent-ils des transaminasesqui baissent si leur débit de filtration glomérulaire se dégrade ? Méthode : La population étudiée se base sur une cohorte précédemment publiée de 396 patients insuffisants rénaux chroniques, initialement en stade 4 (15 eGFR < 30ml/min/1.73m2), sans antécédent de greffe rénale, suivis aux Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc. La période d'inclusion s'étendait du 1/11/2004 au 30/04/2007. Les critères d'exclusion suivants ont été appliqués : consommation chronique abusive d'alcool, transplantation hépatique,hépatopathies d'origines diverses (hépatites virales, hépatocarcinome ou métastases hépatiques, ...), nous laissant 347 patients. Des données cliniques et biologiques ont été reprises à l'inclusion, 12 ± 6 et 24 ±6 mois plus tard. Le suivi n'a pu être poursuivi jusqu'à 2 ans après inclusion pour les raisons suivantes : décès, perdus de vue ou initiation d'une thérapie de substitution rénale. Nous avons réalisé une analyse multivariée longitudinale de régression linéaire reprenant les déterminants potentiels des taux de transaminases (BMI, eGFR, prise de statine, mesurés à chaque période et le décès durant la période de suivi, l'âge et le sexe). Les GGT ont été choisies comme paramètre contrôle, en effet à notre connaissance les GGT ne sont pas influencées par la GFR.Résultats: Les taux de transaminases et d'eG FR diminuent de l'inclusion à 24 mois (eGFR 23 ± 4 versus 21±7, GOT 23 ± 8 versus 21 ± 7,GPT 21 ± 16 versus 19 ± 17,GGT 47 ± 67 versus 30 ±23,. Ceci n'est pas significatif en analyse univariée pour les GOT et GPT mais bien la GFR (p =0.001) Nous démontrons une relation significative entre l'évolution de la GFR et des taux de GOT (p=0.001} et de GPT (p=0.001) alors qu'aucune relation significative n'est mise en évidence entre l'évolution des GGT (variable contrôle) et l'eGFR. (p=0.219).: L'interprétation du taux de transaminases chez les insuffisants rénaux chroniques sévères devrait prendre en compte le taux de filtration glomérulaire.

Transaminases --- Kidney Glomerulus

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This book is a collection of studies focused on the exploitation of enzyme stereoselectivity for the synthesis of relevant chemicals, such as innovative materials, chiral building blocks, natural products, and flavor and fragrance compounds. Different catalytic approaches are reported. The first study describes a resolution-based process for the stereoselective synthesis of the enantiomeric forms of the flavor compound linaloyl oxide, whereas other enantiomeric enriched aroma compounds were obtained through a novel microbial approach based on solid-state fermentation. Two relevant works exploit the potential of the biocatalyzed reduction reactions. The first of these contributions describes the enantioselective synthesis of ?-nitroalcohols by enzyme-mediated reduction of ?-nitroketones, whereas a second contribution reports the preparation of chiral 1,4-diaryl-1,4-diols through ADH-catalyzed bioreduction of the corresponding diketones. Concerning enantioenriched alcohol derivatives, natural hydroxy fatty acids are prepared by means of the biocatalytic hydration reaction of natural fatty acids using the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus rhamnosus as a whole-cell biocatalyst. Further studies describe the use of modified pullulan polysaccharide for lipase immobilization and the recent advances in synthetic applications of ?-transaminases for the production of chiral amines.

enantioselective synthesis --- flavors --- n/a --- hydroxy fatty acids --- chiral amines --- diketones --- esters --- oleic acid --- Burkholderia cepacia lipase --- multi-enzymatic cascades --- solid-state fermentation --- biocatalysis --- agro-industrial side stream --- rapeseed cake --- enzyme-mediated resolution --- linolenic acid --- stereoselective biotransformation --- lipases --- kinetic resolution --- 1-phenylethanol --- linseed cake --- bioreduction --- Lactobacillus rhamnosus --- alcohol-dehydrogenase --- enantioselectivity --- hydratase --- reaction engineering --- immobilization --- ?-transaminases --- linoleic acid --- cyclization --- monoterpenes --- 1 --- lactones --- protein engineering --- asymmetric synthesis --- alcohol dehydrogenases --- linaloyl oxide --- chiral resolution --- aroma compounds --- 4-diols --- pullulan --- linalool --- reduction --- nitroketone

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This book has been written with the purpose of providing a vision of a topic which is on the edge of biology and chemistry. As well, we want to provide an updated vision of the potentials and limitations of biocatalysis, especially with respect to applications in processes of organic synthesis, fine chemicals, and medicine. This book pretends to illustrate the potential of an excellent overview of recent progress on the assessment of granted patents as a useful tool in asymmetric synthesis. Some distinguished researchers have contributed to this endeavor with their knowledge, their commitment and their encouragement

Research & information: general --- ferulic acid esters --- octyl ferulate --- esterification --- Box-Behnken design --- response surface methodology --- molar conversion --- optimum condition --- Bacillus --- glycosyltransferase --- 8-hydroxydaidzein --- industrial biotechnology --- electrochemistry --- biohydrogen --- biocatalysis --- process development --- bacteria --- Enantioselectivity --- enzyme cascade --- hydroxynitrile lyase --- lipase --- hydrocyanation --- transesterification --- glycosidases --- transglycosylation --- cyclodextrin glycosyltransferases --- alkyl glucosides --- biosurfactants --- MDR—medium-chain reductase/dehydrogenase --- ADH—alcohol dehydrogenase --- enzyme kinetics --- EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) chelation --- ultrafiltration --- pseudokinases --- signal transduction --- cancer therapy --- tyrosine/serine/threonine phosphorylation --- new drug targets --- interactome --- asymmetric synthesis --- patents --- lipases --- oxidoreductases --- lyases --- transaminases --- n/a --- MDR-medium-chain reductase/dehydrogenase --- ADH-alcohol dehydrogenase

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This book has been written with the purpose of providing a vision of a topic which is on the edge of biology and chemistry. As well, we want to provide an updated vision of the potentials and limitations of biocatalysis, especially with respect to applications in processes of organic synthesis, fine chemicals, and medicine. This book pretends to illustrate the potential of an excellent overview of recent progress on the assessment of granted patents as a useful tool in asymmetric synthesis. Some distinguished researchers have contributed to this endeavor with their knowledge, their commitment and their encouragement

ferulic acid esters --- octyl ferulate --- esterification --- Box-Behnken design --- response surface methodology --- molar conversion --- optimum condition --- Bacillus --- glycosyltransferase --- 8-hydroxydaidzein --- industrial biotechnology --- electrochemistry --- biohydrogen --- biocatalysis --- process development --- bacteria --- Enantioselectivity --- enzyme cascade --- hydroxynitrile lyase --- lipase --- hydrocyanation --- transesterification --- glycosidases --- transglycosylation --- cyclodextrin glycosyltransferases --- alkyl glucosides --- biosurfactants --- MDR—medium-chain reductase/dehydrogenase --- ADH—alcohol dehydrogenase --- enzyme kinetics --- EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) chelation --- ultrafiltration --- pseudokinases --- signal transduction --- cancer therapy --- tyrosine/serine/threonine phosphorylation --- new drug targets --- interactome --- asymmetric synthesis --- patents --- lipases --- oxidoreductases --- lyases --- transaminases --- n/a --- MDR-medium-chain reductase/dehydrogenase --- ADH-alcohol dehydrogenase

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Sarcopenia represents the decline in skeletal muscle mass and function with age, characterized by the muscle fiber's quality, strength, muscle endurance, and metabolic ability decreasing, as well as the fat and connective tissue growing.Reduction of muscle strength with aging leads to loss of functional capacity, causing disability, mortality, and other adverse health outcomes. Because of the increase of the proportion of elderly in the population, sarcopenia-related morbidity will become an increasing area of health care resource utilization.Diagnostic screening consists of individuation of body composition, assessed by DEXA, anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance, MRI, or CT scan. Management is possible with resistance training exercise and vibration therapy, nutritional supplements, and pharmacological treatment.The book includes articles from different nationalities, treating the experimental and medical applications of sarcopenia. The consequences of sarcopenia in frailty are treated in relation to other associated pathologies or lesions, as femoral neck fractures and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Medicine --- muscle-mass --- sleep efficiency --- sleep duration --- insomnia --- sarcopenia --- quality of life --- osteoporosis --- postmenopausal women --- sedentary behaviour --- aged --- exercise --- motivation --- hepatoma --- myokine --- decorin --- walking distance --- survival --- muscle strength --- resistance training --- randomized controlled trial --- nutritional status --- nutritional screening tools --- hospitalized older patients --- resistance exercise training --- muscle regulatory factors --- deconditioning --- skeletal muscle --- elderly --- hypertrophy --- multimorbidity --- polypathological patients --- frailty --- oxidative stress --- telomere length --- apoptosis --- spirometry --- urea --- fatigue --- respiratory system --- skeletal muscles --- lipids --- transaminases --- falls --- resistance exercise --- vibration --- electrical stimulation --- hip fracture --- diagnosis --- treatment --- prevention --- dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry --- bisphosphonate --- β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate --- exercise intervention --- fall risk --- balance --- anxiety --- depression --- sleep quality --- type 2 diabetes --- physical activity --- muscle mass --- protein intake --- accelerometer --- aerobic exercise training --- mitochondria --- endurance --- fractures --- ageing fractures --- complications --- recovery --- rehabilitation --- nutritional supplements --- physical therapy --- cognition --- brain-body cross-talk --- older persons --- prevalence --- physical functional performance --- epidemiologic studies --- aging --- panoramic ultrasound --- echogenicity --- specific force --- isokinetic dynamometry --- muscle quality --- strength --- older adults --- diagnostic criteria --- clinical