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The paper discusses the reasons for supporting international trade finance during a liquidity crisis. Targeted interventions are justified when prices are rigid and sellers insist on immediate payment due to fears of strategic default. In this case, buyers who reject the seller's offer fail to internalize the seller's benefit from additional liquidity. A general infusion of credit will not facilitate the beneficial transaction, but an infusion targeted at the buyer's bank's trade finance supply will do so. Since there is a need for interventions in one country to benefit actors in another, international coordination is called for.

Access to Finance --- Asymmetric information --- Bank credit --- Borrower --- Contract enforcement --- Credit market --- Credit policies --- Credit subsidies --- Debt Markets --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial markets --- Government interventions --- International Bank --- International Economics & Trade --- International Trade --- International transactions --- Law and Development --- Liquidity --- Liquidity Crisis --- Loan --- Moral hazard --- Private Sector Development --- Trade credit --- Trade Finance --- Trade Law --- Transaction

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The paper discusses the main features that distinguish inter-firm international trade finance from alternative sources of financing. On the one hand, inter-firm trade finance could help overcome informational problems associated with other lending relationships; on the other, it may contribute to propagate shocks due to the interconnection among firms along credit chains. The paper evaluates the potential effects of a financial crisis on the use of trade credit for firms operating in developing countries. It argues that while the advantages of trade credit might remain largely unexploited due to poor legal institutions, the disadvantages might be exacerbated because of these firms' greater exposure to a default chain. Based on these arguments, a menu of choices is identified for what policymakers can do to boost firms' access to inter-firm trade finance in times of crisis.

Access to Finance --- Access to financing --- Asymmetric information --- Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress --- Borrower --- Contract enforcement --- Credit chains --- Debt Markets --- Debts --- Developing countries --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging market --- Emerging Markets --- Exporters --- Extensions of credit --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial crisis --- Financial markets --- Global economy --- International Bank --- International Trade --- Lender --- Monetary Fund --- Private Sector Development --- Trade credit --- Trade Finance --- Trade financing

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Credit risk remains one of the major risks faced by most financial and credit institutions. It is deeply connected to the real economy due to the systemic nature of some banks, but also because well-managed lending facilities are key for wealth creation and technological innovation. This book is a collection of innovative papers in the field of credit risk management. Besides the probability of default (PD), the major driver of credit risk is the loss given default (LGD). In spite of its central importance, LGD modeling remains largely unexplored in the academic literature. This book proposes three contributions in the field. Ye & Bellotti exploit a large private dataset featuring non-performing loans to design a beta mixture model. Their model can be used to improve recovery rate forecasts and, therefore, to enhance capital requirement mechanisms. François uses instead the price of defaultable instruments to infer the determinants of market-implied recovery rates and finds that macroeconomic and long-term issuer specific factors are the main determinants of market-implied LGDs. Cheng & Cirillo address the problem of modeling the dependency between PD and LGD using an original, urn-based statistical model. Fadina & Schmidt propose an improvement of intensity-based default models by accounting for ambiguity around both the intensity process and the recovery rate. Another topic deserving more attention is trade credit, which consists of the supplier providing credit facilities to his customers. Whereas this is likely to stimulate exchanges in general, it also magnifies credit risk. This is a difficult problem that remains largely unexplored. Kanapickiene & Spicas propose a simple but yet practical model to assess trade credit risk associated with SMEs and microenterprises operating in Lithuania. Another topical area in credit risk is counterparty risk and all other adjustments (such as liquidity and capital adjustments), known as XVA. Chataignier & Crépey propose a genetic algorithm to compress CVA and to obtain affordable incremental figures. Anagnostou & Kandhai introduce a hidden Markov model to simulate exchange rate scenarios for counterparty risk. Eventually, Boursicot et al. analyzes CoCo bonds, and find that they reduce the total cost of debt, which is positive for shareholders. In a nutshell, all the featured papers contribute to shedding light on various aspects of credit risk management that have, so far, largely remained unexplored.

Coins, banknotes, medals, seals (numismatics) --- recovery rates --- beta regression --- credit risk --- contingent convertible debt --- financial modelling --- risk management --- financial crisis --- recovery rate --- loss given default --- model ambiguity --- default time --- no-arbitrage --- reduced-form HJM models --- recovery process --- Counterparty Credit Risk --- Hidden Markov Model --- Risk Factor Evolution --- Backtesting --- FX rate --- Geometric Brownian Motion --- trade credit --- small and micro-enterprises --- financial non-financial variables --- risk assessment --- logistic regression --- probability of default --- wrong-way risk --- dependence --- urn model --- counterparty risk --- credit valuation adjustment (CVA) --- XVA (X-valuation adjustments) compression --- genetic algorithm --- n/a

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Credit risk remains one of the major risks faced by most financial and credit institutions. It is deeply connected to the real economy due to the systemic nature of some banks, but also because well-managed lending facilities are key for wealth creation and technological innovation. This book is a collection of innovative papers in the field of credit risk management. Besides the probability of default (PD), the major driver of credit risk is the loss given default (LGD). In spite of its central importance, LGD modeling remains largely unexplored in the academic literature. This book proposes three contributions in the field. Ye & Bellotti exploit a large private dataset featuring non-performing loans to design a beta mixture model. Their model can be used to improve recovery rate forecasts and, therefore, to enhance capital requirement mechanisms. François uses instead the price of defaultable instruments to infer the determinants of market-implied recovery rates and finds that macroeconomic and long-term issuer specific factors are the main determinants of market-implied LGDs. Cheng & Cirillo address the problem of modeling the dependency between PD and LGD using an original, urn-based statistical model. Fadina & Schmidt propose an improvement of intensity-based default models by accounting for ambiguity around both the intensity process and the recovery rate. Another topic deserving more attention is trade credit, which consists of the supplier providing credit facilities to his customers. Whereas this is likely to stimulate exchanges in general, it also magnifies credit risk. This is a difficult problem that remains largely unexplored. Kanapickiene & Spicas propose a simple but yet practical model to assess trade credit risk associated with SMEs and microenterprises operating in Lithuania. Another topical area in credit risk is counterparty risk and all other adjustments (such as liquidity and capital adjustments), known as XVA. Chataignier & Crépey propose a genetic algorithm to compress CVA and to obtain affordable incremental figures. Anagnostou & Kandhai introduce a hidden Markov model to simulate exchange rate scenarios for counterparty risk. Eventually, Boursicot et al. analyzes CoCo bonds, and find that they reduce the total cost of debt, which is positive for shareholders. In a nutshell, all the featured papers contribute to shedding light on various aspects of credit risk management that have, so far, largely remained unexplored.

Coins, banknotes, medals, seals (numismatics) --- recovery rates --- beta regression --- credit risk --- contingent convertible debt --- financial modelling --- risk management --- financial crisis --- recovery rate --- loss given default --- model ambiguity --- default time --- no-arbitrage --- reduced-form HJM models --- recovery process --- Counterparty Credit Risk --- Hidden Markov Model --- Risk Factor Evolution --- Backtesting --- FX rate --- Geometric Brownian Motion --- trade credit --- small and micro-enterprises --- financial non-financial variables --- risk assessment --- logistic regression --- probability of default --- wrong-way risk --- dependence --- urn model --- counterparty risk --- credit valuation adjustment (CVA) --- XVA (X-valuation adjustments) compression --- genetic algorithm --- recovery rates --- beta regression --- credit risk --- contingent convertible debt --- financial modelling --- risk management --- financial crisis --- recovery rate --- loss given default --- model ambiguity --- default time --- no-arbitrage --- reduced-form HJM models --- recovery process --- Counterparty Credit Risk --- Hidden Markov Model --- Risk Factor Evolution --- Backtesting --- FX rate --- Geometric Brownian Motion --- trade credit --- small and micro-enterprises --- financial non-financial variables --- risk assessment --- logistic regression --- probability of default --- wrong-way risk --- dependence --- urn model --- counterparty risk --- credit valuation adjustment (CVA) --- XVA (X-valuation adjustments) compression --- genetic algorithm

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The acute economic pressures of the 1980s have forced virtually all of Latin America and Africa and some countries in Asia into painful austerity programs and difficult economic reforms. Scholars have intensively analyzed the economics of this situation, but they have given much less attention to the political forces involved. In this volume a number of eminent contributors analyze the politics of adjustment in thirteen countries and nineteen governments, drawing comparisons not only across the full set of cases but also within clusters selected to clarify specific issues. Why do some governments respond promptly to signs of economic trouble, while others muddle indecisively for years? Why do some confine their response to temporary macroeconomic measures, while others adopt broader, even sweeping, programs of reform? What leads some countries to experiment with heterodox approaches, while most, however reluctantly, pursue orthodox courses? Why, confronted with intense political protest, have some governments persisted while others have altered or abandoned course? The answers to these questions are political, not economic, and they are examined here by Thomas M. Callaghy, Stephan Haggard, Miles Kahler, Robert R. Kauman, Joan M. Nelson, and Barbara Stallings.

Business cycles --- Economic indicators --- Economic stabilization --- Developing countries. --- Developing countries Economic conditions Policies Of Government. --- Developing countries --- Economic policy --- Agriculture. --- Arrears. --- Auction. --- Austerity. --- Authoritarianism. --- Balance of trade. --- Budget. --- Business sector. --- Capital flight. --- Capitalism. --- Central bank. --- Centre-right politics. --- Commercial bank. --- Corruption. --- Costa Rica. --- Creditor. --- Cronyism. --- Currency. --- Current account. --- Debt crisis. --- Debt relief. --- Debt service. --- Debt. --- Democracy. --- Democratization. --- Devaluation. --- Developed country. --- Developing country. --- Economic growth. --- Economic interventionism. --- Economic liberalization. --- Economic policy. --- Economic problem. --- Economic recovery. --- Economics. --- Economist. --- Economy. --- Employment. --- Exchange rate. --- External debt. --- Financial crisis. --- Fiscal policy. --- Foreign direct investment. --- Free trade. --- Government budget balance. --- Implementation. --- Import Substitution Industrialization. --- Income. --- Industrialisation. --- Inflation. --- Informal sector. --- Institution. --- Interest rate. --- International Monetary Fund. --- Investor. --- Labour movement. --- Latin America. --- Layoff. --- Legislature. --- Liberalization. --- Macroeconomics. --- Market (economics). --- Monetary policy. --- Nationalization. --- Obstacle. --- Paris Club. --- Payment. --- Percentage. --- Policy. --- Political alliance. --- Political economy. --- Political science. --- Politician. --- Politics. --- Price controls. --- Private sector. --- Privatization. --- Public expenditure. --- Public sector. --- Recession. --- Resignation. --- Salary. --- Secondary sector of the economy. --- Shortage. --- Stabilization policy. --- State (polity). --- State-owned enterprise. --- Structural adjustment loan. --- Structural adjustment. --- Subsidy. --- Tariff. --- Tax reform. --- Tax. --- Trade credit. --- Trade union. --- Unemployment. --- Wage. --- World Bank Group. --- World Bank. --- Zambia.