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Turning Points: Challenges for Western Democracies in the 21st Century centers around the strikingly under-researched concept of turning points and its application in political science, including various theories, fields, and sub-disciplines. The chapters provide theoretical discussion and conceptual clarity by distinguishing a set of turning points at different analytical levels. Based on a wide range of case studies, the authors illustrate where, when and how different types of turning points occur (or not) against the backdrop of current challenges in and for Western democracies. The conceptual and empirical variety of the volume allows scholars and practitioners in policymaking to develop and apply their own frameworks when dealing with turning point dynamics.

Change. --- Crisis. --- Democracy. --- International Order. --- Tipping Point. --- Turning Point.

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The issue "Mathematical Logic and Its Applications 2020" contains articles related to the following three directions: Descriptive Set Theory (3 articles). Solutions for long-standing problems, including those of A. Tarski and H. Friedman, are presented. Exact combinatorial optimization algorithms, in which the complexity relative to the source data is characterized by a low, or even first degree, polynomial (1 article). III. Applications of mathematical logic and the theory of algorithms (2 articles). The first article deals with the Jacobian and M. Kontsevich’s conjectures, and algorithmic undecidability; for these purposes, non-standard analysis is used. The second article provides a quantitative description of the balance and adaptive resource of a human. Submissions are invited for the next issue "Mathematical Logic and Its Applications 2021"

definability --- nonconstructible reals --- projective hierarchy --- generic models --- almost disjoint forcing --- Harvey Friedman’s problem --- almost-disjoint forcing --- universal algebraic geometry --- affine algebraic geometry --- elementary equivalence --- isotypic algebras --- first order rigidity --- Ind-group --- affine spaces --- automorphisms --- free associative algebras --- Weyl algebra automorphisms --- polynomial symplectomorphisms --- deformation quantization --- infinite prime number --- semi-inner automorphism --- embeddability of varieties --- undecidability --- noncommutative Gröbner-Shirshov basis --- finitely presented algebraic systems --- algorithmic unsolvability --- turing machine --- discrete optimization --- exact algorithm --- additively exact algorithm --- graph transformation --- graph of degree 2 --- chain-cycle graph --- operation cost --- minimization of total cost --- definability of definable --- tarski problem --- type theoretic hierarchy --- adaptive resource --- resilience --- resistance --- tipping point --- theory of catastrophes

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The first systematic look at the different strategies that states employ in their pursuit of nuclear weaponsMuch of the work on nuclear proliferation has focused on why states pursue nuclear weapons. The question of how states pursue nuclear weapons has received little attention. 'Seeking the Bomb' is the first book to analyze this topic by examining which strategies of nuclear proliferation are available to aspirants, why aspirants select one strategy over another, and how this matters to international politics.

Nuclear nonproliferation. --- Nuclear arms control. --- Nuclear weapons control --- Arms control --- Nuclear weapons --- Export of nuclear materials --- Export of nuclear technology --- International control of nuclear energy --- Nonproliferation, Nuclear --- Nuclear energy --- Nuclear exports --- Nuclear proliferation --- Proliferation, Nuclear --- Nuclear arms control --- Nuclear-weapon-free zones --- International control --- Polemology --- Nuclear weapons. --- Atomic weapons --- Fusion weapons --- Thermonuclear weapons --- Weapons of mass destruction --- No first use (Nuclear strategy) --- Nuclear disarmament --- Nuclear warfare --- Government policy. --- Abdul Qadeer Khan. --- Agreed Framework. --- Airspace. --- Antenna (radio). --- Atal Bihari Vajpayee. --- Atomic Age. --- Axis of evil. --- Bait and bleed. --- Baruch Plan. --- Beijing. --- Bharat Karnad. --- Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. --- Center for International Security and Cooperation. --- Cold War. --- Commissioner. --- Communist Party of China. --- Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. --- Disarmament. --- Doublethink. --- Escape velocity. --- Exothermic reaction. --- Experiment. --- Falklands War. --- Flexible response. --- German re-armament. --- Great Satan. --- Igor Kurchatov. --- Intention (criminal law). --- Interim. --- John Mearsheimer. --- Kinetic bombardment. --- Klaus Fuchs. --- Military dictatorship. --- Misinformation. --- Modernity. --- Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. --- Munir Ahmad Khan. --- Nobility. --- North Korean defectors. --- Nuclear Tipping Point. --- Nuclear disarmament. --- Nuclear proliferation. --- Nuclear sharing. --- Nuclear strategy. --- Nuclear umbrella. --- Nuclear warfare. --- Nuclear weapon. --- Operation Barbarossa. --- Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction. --- Pakistanis. --- Paramount leader. --- Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. --- Peaceful nuclear explosion. --- Plutonium. --- Post-Soviet states. --- Qasem Soleimani. --- Quebec Agreement. --- Ramp up. --- Reactor-grade plutonium. --- Ronen Sen. --- Saudis. --- Scott Sagan. --- Security assurance. --- Security studies. --- South Africa and weapons of mass destruction. --- Soviet Empire. --- Spark gap. --- Superiority (short story). --- Supply chain. --- Swedish nuclear weapons program. --- Tacit knowledge. --- Tactical nuclear weapon. --- Taepodong-2. --- The Indian Express. --- The Making of the Atomic Bomb. --- The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. --- Three Non-Nuclear Principles. --- Two-front war. --- NUCLEAR NONPROLIFERATION --- NUCLEAR WEAPONS --- NUCLEAR ARMS CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT