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Neurological and psychiatric disorders can occur in endocrine diseases either in the setting of the clinical manifestations of the same (i.e., hyper- or hyposecretion of hormones or peptides from the endocrine glands) or as events secondary to the pathogenetic mechanisms of the endocrinopathy (i.e., autommunity affecting endocrine glands and the brain). Also the medical or surgical treatment of the endocrine disease can sometimes determine the occurrence of neurological or psychiatric abnormalities. Moreover some genetic alterations can lead to syndromes affecting both the endocrine and the nervous system with a variety of possible manifestations. In the last couple of decades a number of associations between dysfunctions of the endocrine system and neurological or psychiatric manifestations have appeared and only in the minority of the cases this link has been fully elucidated. Often the neurological or psychiatric alterations still represent a relevant challenge for clinicians with regard to the management of the patients. The complexity of the topic and the limited availability of laboratory research models for the study of the endocrine system-nervous system cross-interaction are making the scientific progresses intricate and, sometimes, slow. A dedicated focus to such broad and often still obscure topic might help and clarify the current state-of-the-art in the field and direct the goals of future research.

Neuroendocrinology. --- Psychoneuroendocrinology. --- Neuropsychiatry. --- Endocrine System Diseases --- physiopathology. --- Eating Disorders --- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome --- Obesity --- Exercise --- gender identity --- Acromegaly --- Quality of Life --- Cushing Syndrome --- Thyroid Surgery --- Hypogonadism

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Neurological and psychiatric disorders can occur in endocrine diseases either in the setting of the clinical manifestations of the same (i.e., hyper- or hyposecretion of hormones or peptides from the endocrine glands) or as events secondary to the pathogenetic mechanisms of the endocrinopathy (i.e., autommunity affecting endocrine glands and the brain). Also the medical or surgical treatment of the endocrine disease can sometimes determine the occurrence of neurological or psychiatric abnormalities. Moreover some genetic alterations can lead to syndromes affecting both the endocrine and the nervous system with a variety of possible manifestations. In the last couple of decades a number of associations between dysfunctions of the endocrine system and neurological or psychiatric manifestations have appeared and only in the minority of the cases this link has been fully elucidated. Often the neurological or psychiatric alterations still represent a relevant challenge for clinicians with regard to the management of the patients. The complexity of the topic and the limited availability of laboratory research models for the study of the endocrine system-nervous system cross-interaction are making the scientific progresses intricate and, sometimes, slow. A dedicated focus to such broad and often still obscure topic might help and clarify the current state-of-the-art in the field and direct the goals of future research.

Neuroendocrinology. --- Psychoneuroendocrinology. --- Neuropsychiatry. --- Endocrine System Diseases --- Eating Disorders --- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome --- Obesity --- Exercise --- gender identity --- Acromegaly --- Quality of Life --- Cushing Syndrome --- Thyroid Surgery --- Hypogonadism --- physiopathology. --- Eating Disorders --- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome --- Obesity --- Exercise --- gender identity --- Acromegaly --- Quality of Life --- Cushing Syndrome --- Thyroid Surgery --- Hypogonadism

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Thyroid nodular disease is one of the most frequent endocrine diseases. The prevalence of thyroid focal lesions detected by imaging techniques, according to studies on different populations, ranges from 10 to 70%. In a population of women over 50 years of age, approximately half of them will have a thyroid focal lesion. However, only 18% of thyroid nodules are diagnosed as malignant. Thyroid nodular disease is the most frequently diagnosed endocrine pathology, while thyroid cancer constitues the most common endocrine malignancy and is reponsible for about 67% of deaths due to neoplasms derived from endocrine organs. The incidence of thyroid cancer has risen by about 240% in the last three decades. Due to the increased availability of imaging techniques, recently, a rise in the detectability of thyroid cancer at the stage of microcarcinoma has been observed. Diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in patients with thyroid nodules require an interdisciplinary consensus between endocrinologists and physicians of other specialities (radiologists, pathologists, surgeons, oncologists). This book focuses on current trends in novel techniques of thyroid nodule diagnostics before they are implemented in the current guidelines on the management of thyroid nodular disease.

thyroid nodule --- care pathway --- guidelines --- fine-needle aspiration cytology --- thyroid cancer --- COLD-PCR --- digital PCR --- BRAFV600E --- papillary thyroid cancer --- liquid biopsy --- thyroid nodules --- ultrasound --- computer-aided diagnosis --- S-Detect --- EU-TIRADS --- PTC --- thyroid --- metastasis --- Snail-1 --- primary hyperparathyroidism --- parathyroidectomy --- remedial surgery --- ectopic mediastinal localization --- persistent hypercalcemia --- ectopic thymus --- shear wave sonoelastography --- strain elastography --- metastatic lymph nodes --- shear wave elastography --- interobserver variability --- tissue aspirate parathyroid hormone assay --- recurrent renal hyperparathyroidism --- persistent renal hyperparathyroidism --- parathyroid sonography --- parathyroid scintigraphy --- thyroid surgery --- vocal cord dysfunction --- vocal cord palsy --- loss of signal --- complications --- parathyroid adenoma --- hyperparathyroidism --- PET-CT --- FEC --- FCH --- n/a --- postsurgical hypoparathyroidism --- risk-factor analysis --- time course

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This reprint is related to the latest research in the field of thyroid surgery, including molecular and imaging diagnosis, surgical treatment, and the treatment of recurrent disease and advanced thyroid carcinoma.

Medicine --- Oncology --- thyroid carcinoma --- prophylactic central lymph node dissection --- lymph node metastases --- RET --- medullary thyroid carcinoma --- clinical management --- variants of uncertain significance --- differentiated thyroid cancer --- papillary thyroid cancer --- minimal extrathyroidal extension --- radioactive iodine therapy --- prognosis --- TNM --- histology --- multifocality --- lymph node metastasis --- vascular invasion --- autoimmune thyroid diseases --- radioiodine refractory --- Lenvatinib --- 18F-FDG-PET/CT --- cost-benefit analysis --- economics --- medical --- thyroid neoplasms --- radiomics --- ultrasound --- magnetic resonance imaging --- computer tomography --- prediction --- classification --- angiogenic microenvironment --- prognostic factors --- antiangiogenic therapy --- therapeutic target --- tumor microenvironment --- tumor behavior --- proliferation pathways --- cell cycle control pathways --- angiogenesis process --- thyroid cancer --- Gal-3 expression --- NIFTP --- EFVPTC --- lymphocytic thyroiditis (LT) --- immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis --- molecular imaging --- theranostics --- companion diagnostics --- immunoPET --- anaplastic thyroid cancer --- poorly thyroid cancer --- genetic landscape --- genetically guided therapy --- fluorodeoxyglucose F18 (18F-FDG) --- positron emission tomography (PET) --- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) --- recurrence --- neoplasm metastasis --- thyroid surgery --- hypoparathyroidism --- fluorescence-guided surgery --- near-infrared autofluorescence --- PRKAR1A --- PKA --- Carney complex --- cAMP --- bone metastasis --- metastasectomy --- stereotactic radiosurgery --- ultrasound imaging --- thyroid nodule --- fine-needle aspiration --- papillary thyroid carcinoma --- lobectomy --- operative extent --- CONUT score --- tyrosine kinase inhibitors