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Nous nous intéressons au traitement de signaux bruités, mais plus particulièrement sur une méthode appelée le soft thresholding. Nous développons dans un premier temps tous les outils nécessaires à la bonne compréhension du soft thresholding. Le premier chapitre est consacré aux ondelettes et à l'analyse multirésolution. Ensuite, Nous étudions l'algorithme de Mallat, utiles pour obtenir les coefficients d'ondelettes d'un signal. Le dernier outil est l'objet du troisième chapitre, consacré à une brève description des espaces de Hölder et de Besov. Enfin, tous les outils précédemment vus sont utilisés dans ce dernier chapitre afin d'étudier le traitement du signal. La majeure partie est consacrée au soft thresholding. Nous étudions d'abord son erreur moyenne quadratique, pour enfin étudier la régularité des signaux traités. Une section est également consacrée à quelques généralités sur le hard thresholding. We are interested in signal processing, but more specifically in the soft thresholding. First of, we develop some necessary tools to understand properly the soft thresholding. The first chapter is devoted to wavelets and multiresolution analysis. Then, we study the Mallat algorithm which is usefull to obtain the wavelets coefficients of a signal. Last but not least, we introduce Hölder and Besov spaces. All the previous chapters are used to develop the soft thresholding. The major part of the last chapter is devoted to the soft thresholding; we study the mean squared error of it and the regularity of a processed signal. A brief introduction to the hard thresholding ends this paper.

Signal --- Traitement --- Bruit --- Mallad --- Thresholding --- Soft --- Hard --- Débruitr --- Analyse --- Multirésolution --- Besov --- Hölder --- Ondelettes --- Transformée --- Coefficients --- Norme --- Régularité --- Erreur --- Quadratique --- Signal --- Processing --- Noise --- Denoise --- Free --- Thresholding --- Soft --- Hard --- Coefficients --- Analysis --- Multiresolution --- Hölder --- Besov --- Wavelet --- Transform --- Regularity --- Error --- Squared --- Physique, chimie, mathématiques & sciences de la terre > Mathématiques

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Digital agriculture is gaining traction among scientists implementing different new and emerging sensor technologies to monitor complex soil–plant–atmosphere interactions in an accurate, cost-effective and user-friendly manner. This book presents some of the latest advances in this emerging area of research. The diversity of applications in which digital agriculture can make an important difference in day-to-day farming decision making makes this discipline an important focus of research internationally.

Research & information: general --- Geography --- apple orchards --- modeling and simulation --- unmanned aerial vehicles --- fruit ripeness --- ethylene gas detection --- 3D crop modeling --- remote sensing --- on-ground sensing --- depth images --- parameter acquisition --- capacitor sensor --- deposit mass --- pesticide droplets --- formulations --- ionization --- CFD --- airflow field test --- monitoring method --- spectral sensor --- crop growth --- computer vision --- deep learning --- image processing --- pose estimation --- animal detection --- precision livestock --- Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck --- mechanical harvesting --- acceleration sensor --- vibration time --- logistic regression --- adaptive thresholding --- fruit detection --- parameter tuning --- phenotype --- phenotyping --- phenomics --- Triticum aestivum --- water deficit --- stress --- infrared --- leaf area index --- cocoa beans --- volatile compounds --- artificial neural networks --- VitiCanopy app --- bushfires --- infrared thermography --- near-infrared spectroscopy --- smoke taint --- artificial intelligence --- Kinect sensor --- RGB --- RGB-D --- image segmentation --- colour thresholding --- bunch area --- bunch volume --- point cloud --- mesh --- surface reconstruction --- image analysis --- cluster morphology --- machine learning --- non-invasive sensing technologies --- proximal sensing --- precision viticulture --- partial least square --- support vector machine --- Gaussian processes --- soybean --- pigeon pea --- guar --- tepary bean --- apple orchards --- modeling and simulation --- unmanned aerial vehicles --- fruit ripeness --- ethylene gas detection --- 3D crop modeling --- remote sensing --- on-ground sensing --- depth images --- parameter acquisition --- capacitor sensor --- deposit mass --- pesticide droplets --- formulations --- ionization --- CFD --- airflow field test --- monitoring method --- spectral sensor --- crop growth --- computer vision --- deep learning --- image processing --- pose estimation --- animal detection --- precision livestock --- Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck --- mechanical harvesting --- acceleration sensor --- vibration time --- logistic regression --- adaptive thresholding --- fruit detection --- parameter tuning --- phenotype --- phenotyping --- phenomics --- Triticum aestivum --- water deficit --- stress --- infrared --- leaf area index --- cocoa beans --- volatile compounds --- artificial neural networks --- VitiCanopy app --- bushfires --- infrared thermography --- near-infrared spectroscopy --- smoke taint --- artificial intelligence --- Kinect sensor --- RGB --- RGB-D --- image segmentation --- colour thresholding --- bunch area --- bunch volume --- point cloud --- mesh --- surface reconstruction --- image analysis --- cluster morphology --- machine learning --- non-invasive sensing technologies --- proximal sensing --- precision viticulture --- partial least square --- support vector machine --- Gaussian processes --- soybean --- pigeon pea --- guar --- tepary bean

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Electromagnetism plays a crucial role in basic and applied physics research. The discovery of electromagnetism as the unifying theory for electricity and magnetism represents a cornerstone in modern physics. Symmetry was crucial to the concept of unification: electromagnetism was soon formulated as a gauge theory in which local phase symmetry explained its mathematical formulation. This early connection between symmetry and electromagnetism shows that a symmetry-based approach to many electromagnetic phenomena is recurrent, even today. Moreover, many recent technological advances are based on the control of electromagnetic radiation in nearly all its spectra and scales, the manipulation of matter–radiation interactions with unprecedented levels of sophistication, or new generations of electromagnetic materials. This is a fertile field for applications and for basic understanding in which symmetry, as in the past, bridges apparently unrelated phenomena―from condensed matter to high-energy physics. In this book, we present modern contributions in which symmetry proves its value as a key tool. From dual-symmetry electrodynamics to applications to sustainable smart buildings, or magnetocardiography, we can find a plentiful crop, full of exciting examples of modern approaches to electromagnetism. In all cases, symmetry sheds light on the theoretical and applied works presented in this book.

electromagnetic knots --- helicity --- spin-orbital momentum --- magnetocardiography --- quadratic penalty --- variational mode decomposition --- correlation coefficient --- interval thresholding method --- periodic structures --- dispersion diagram --- high-order coupling --- glide symmetry --- smart building --- harmonics --- geometric algebra --- Poynting Multivector --- electric-magnetic duality symmetry --- quantum anomalies --- optical helicity --- electromagnetic polarization --- particle creation --- Maxwell theory --- constraint equations --- evolutionary equations --- Barium hexaferrite --- titanium --- hysteresis --- X-ray diffraction --- permanent magnet applications --- n/a --- hopfion --- Bateman construction --- null fields --- magnetic levitation --- electrodynamic structure --- ground high speed system --- finite element analysis --- non-local action --- electrodynamics --- electromagnetic duality symmetry --- Aharonov-Bohm effect --- Harvesting --- low-power applications --- vibration --- micro-generator --- optimal solution --- magnetic circuit --- periodical structure --- effective power density --- symmetry

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In recent years, a considerable volume of technical literature has been published on flood hazard analysis, and more recently, on flood vulnerability and resilience. Nevertheless, there is still a shortage of scientific studies and practical experience of real flood risk assessment (both social and economic), including hazard, exposure and vulnerability analyses and their integration. As there are so few references available, applications of flood risk assessment to the design of preventive measures and early warning systems, landscape and urban planning, civil protection, insurance systems, and risk-based information and education, cannot reach their full potential development. This is because the research products available, such as hazard data and maps, do not serve to ensure the efficient prioritization of mitigation measures or communities at risk. Meanwhile, flooding is the natural disaster that causes the greatest loss on a global scale, and due to climate change, this situation is expected to continue. The research manuscripts involved in this book try to offer flood risk managers new tools, data and maps to improve risk mitigation, both preventive and corrective. A wide variety of topics have been covered, including: flood risk data sources; techniques and methodologies for flood risk analysis; flood risk mapping; or flood risk analysis calibrations.

Research & information: general --- flood risk assessments --- vulnerability of networks --- emergency management --- geographic information systems --- open source --- flood risk --- LOESS model --- risk map calibration --- 112 emergency service --- central Spain --- PRICAM project --- spatial autocorrelation --- Poisson regression --- eigenvector spatial filtering method --- flood risk evaluation --- Ebro River --- flood mapping --- flood risk areas --- RADAR SAR --- Sentinel-1 --- RGB composition --- calibrated thresholding --- pluvial floods --- flood risk assessment --- climate change --- damages --- vehicles --- properties --- pedestrians --- floods --- fatalities --- circumstances of loss of life --- historical analysis --- levee failures --- database --- flood defences --- levee breach --- cultural heritage --- meso-scale --- flood hazard --- flood vulnerability --- Castile and León --- Spain --- lahar --- Pico de Orizaba --- paleostage indicators --- tree-ring analysis --- RAMMS program --- flood torrential dynamics --- geomorphological threshold --- land-use changes --- ski resort --- hydrological response --- Pyrenees --- glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) --- debris flow --- Bhote Koshi --- landslides --- Gorkha earthquake --- hazard assessment --- vulnerability indicators --- vulnerability cartography --- AHP --- local analysis --- open public data sources --- economic damage --- building first floor --- magnitude–damage models --- Navaluenga --- flood forecasting --- snow cover control --- flood management --- Tagus Basin --- climate model projections --- Reinosa --- climate change prioritization --- flood risk analysis --- flood damage uncertainty --- flood risk assessments --- vulnerability of networks --- emergency management --- geographic information systems --- open source --- flood risk --- LOESS model --- risk map calibration --- 112 emergency service --- central Spain --- PRICAM project --- spatial autocorrelation --- Poisson regression --- eigenvector spatial filtering method --- flood risk evaluation --- Ebro River --- flood mapping --- flood risk areas --- RADAR SAR --- Sentinel-1 --- RGB composition --- calibrated thresholding --- pluvial floods --- flood risk assessment --- climate change --- damages --- vehicles --- properties --- pedestrians --- floods --- fatalities --- circumstances of loss of life --- historical analysis --- levee failures --- database --- flood defences --- levee breach --- cultural heritage --- meso-scale --- flood hazard --- flood vulnerability --- Castile and León --- Spain --- lahar --- Pico de Orizaba --- paleostage indicators --- tree-ring analysis --- RAMMS program --- flood torrential dynamics --- geomorphological threshold --- land-use changes --- ski resort --- hydrological response --- Pyrenees --- glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) --- debris flow --- Bhote Koshi --- landslides --- Gorkha earthquake --- hazard assessment --- vulnerability indicators --- vulnerability cartography --- AHP --- local analysis --- open public data sources --- economic damage --- building first floor --- magnitude–damage models --- Navaluenga --- flood forecasting --- snow cover control --- flood management --- Tagus Basin --- climate model projections --- Reinosa --- climate change prioritization --- flood risk analysis --- flood damage uncertainty

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Coastal areas are remarkable regions with high spatiotemporal variability. A large population is affected by their physical and biological processes—resulting from effects on tourism to biodiversity and productivity. Coastal ecosystems perform several critical ecosystem services and functions, such as water oxygenation and nutrients provision, seafloor and beach stabilization (as sediment is controlled and trapped within the rhizomes of the seagrass meadows), carbon burial, as areas for nursery, and as refuge for several commercial and endemic species. Knowledge of the spatial distribution of marine habitats is prerequisite information for the conservation and sustainable use of marine resources. Remote sensing from UAVs to spaceborne sensors is offering a unique opportunity to measure, analyze, quantify, map, and explore the processes on the coastal areas at high temporal frequencies. This Special Issue on “Application of Remote Sensing in Coastal Areas” is specifically addresses those successful applications—from local to regional scale—in coastal environments related to ecosystem productivity, biodiversity, sea level rise.

Research & information: general --- Geography --- satellite remote sensing --- Landsat --- coastline --- barrier island --- morphological change --- coastal ocean --- Photon-counting lidar --- MABEL --- land cover --- remote sensing --- signal photons --- ground settlement --- marine reclamation land --- time series InSAR --- Sentinel-1 --- Xiamen New Airport --- Pleiades --- photogrammetry --- LiDAR --- RTK-GPS --- beach topography --- cliff coastlines --- time-series analysis --- terrestrial laser scanner --- southern Baltic Sea --- non-parametric Bayesian network --- satellite-derived bathymetry --- hydrography --- CubeSats --- hypertemporal --- zones of confidence --- PlanetScope --- vegetation mapping --- dunes --- unmanned aerial system --- pixel-based classification --- object-based classification --- dune vegetation classification --- coastal monitoring --- multispectral satellite images --- multi-temporal NDVI --- pixels based supervised classification --- Random Forest --- harmonization --- shoreline mapping --- semi-global subpixel localization --- intensity integral error --- polarimetric SAR --- polarimetric decomposition --- ship detection --- Euclidean distance --- mutual information --- new feature --- Bohai sea ice --- sea ice extent --- OLCI imagery --- sea ice information index --- waterline extraction --- sub-pixel --- surface water mapping --- data cube --- contour extraction --- water extraction --- water indices --- thresholding --- Coastal process --- wind wake --- heat advection --- multi-sensor --- ASAR --- oceanic thermal response --- Hainan Island --- coastal remote sensing --- habitat mapping --- unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) --- unmanned aircraft system (UAS) --- drone --- object-based image analysis (OBIA) --- UAS data acquisition --- satellite remote sensing --- Landsat --- coastline --- barrier island --- morphological change --- coastal ocean --- Photon-counting lidar --- MABEL --- land cover --- remote sensing --- signal photons --- ground settlement --- marine reclamation land --- time series InSAR --- Sentinel-1 --- Xiamen New Airport --- Pleiades --- photogrammetry --- LiDAR --- RTK-GPS --- beach topography --- cliff coastlines --- time-series analysis --- terrestrial laser scanner --- southern Baltic Sea --- non-parametric Bayesian network --- satellite-derived bathymetry --- hydrography --- CubeSats --- hypertemporal --- zones of confidence --- PlanetScope --- vegetation mapping --- dunes --- unmanned aerial system --- pixel-based classification --- object-based classification --- dune vegetation classification --- coastal monitoring --- multispectral satellite images --- multi-temporal NDVI --- pixels based supervised classification --- Random Forest --- harmonization --- shoreline mapping --- semi-global subpixel localization --- intensity integral error --- polarimetric SAR --- polarimetric decomposition --- ship detection --- Euclidean distance --- mutual information --- new feature --- Bohai sea ice --- sea ice extent --- OLCI imagery --- sea ice information index --- waterline extraction --- sub-pixel --- surface water mapping --- data cube --- contour extraction --- water extraction --- water indices --- thresholding --- Coastal process --- wind wake --- heat advection --- multi-sensor --- ASAR --- oceanic thermal response --- Hainan Island --- coastal remote sensing --- habitat mapping --- unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) --- unmanned aircraft system (UAS) --- drone --- object-based image analysis (OBIA) --- UAS data acquisition