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Electroplating --- Metal coating --- Thickness measurement. --- Testing. --- Measurement.

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Water. --- Impedance (Electricity) --- Electric currents. --- Dielectrics. --- Thickness measurement.

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Nondestructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E) is one of the most important techniques for determining the quality and safety of materials, components, devices, and structures. NDT&E technologies include ultrasonic testing (UT), magnetic particle testing (MT), magnetic flux leakage testing (MFLT), eddy current testing (ECT), radiation testing (RT), penetrant testing (PT), and visual testing (VT), and these are widely used throughout the modern industry. However, some NDT processes, such as those for cleaning specimens and removing paint, cause environmental pollution and must only be considered in limited environments (time, space, and sensor selection). Thus, NDT&E is classified as a typical 3D (dirty, dangerous, and difficult) job. In addition, NDT operators judge the presence of damage based on experience and subjective judgment, so in some cases, a flaw may not be detected during the test. Therefore, to obtain clearer test results, a means for the operator to determine flaws more easily should be provided. In addition, the test results should be organized systemically in order to identify the cause of the abnormality in the test specimen and to identify the progress of the damage quantitatively.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- composites --- multi-scale --- embedded damage --- non-destructive testing --- photoacoustic --- ultrasonic representation --- terahertz --- coded-aperture imaging --- convolution neural network (CNN) --- fast image reconstruction --- nondestructive evaluation --- acoustic nonlinearity parameter --- indirect method --- laser ultrasound --- fully non-contact --- surface acoustic wave --- UWB-PPM --- UWB-OOK --- buried objects --- nondestructive environment --- Levenberg-Marquardt method --- textured surface anomaly detection --- computer vision --- deep learning --- attention mechanism --- adaptive fusion --- power quality disturbances --- long short term memory --- convolutional neural network --- short time Fourier transform --- leaky Lamb wave --- semi-analytical finite element (SAFE) --- waveguide sensor --- finite-width plate --- waveguide plate --- width modes --- spatial beating --- Rayleigh-Sommerfeld integral (RSI) --- weld cracks --- eddy current nondestructive testing --- gradiently relative magnetic permeability --- heat affected zone --- austenitic stainless steel --- circulating fluidized bed combustion boiler --- water-cooled wall tube --- magnetic sensor array --- magnetic flux density --- flexible ultrasonic probe --- neutron irradiation embrittlement --- reactor pressure vessel --- magnetic nondestructive evaluation --- micromagnetic multiparameter microstructure and stress analysis 3MA --- magnetic adaptive testing --- 3D imaging of metal grains --- non-destructive testing methods --- stacking images --- SA106 carbon steel --- terahertz waves --- refractive index --- thickness measurement --- Shim stock films --- composite materials --- reflection mode --- neutron radiography --- Bragg-edge imaging --- gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) --- low transformation temperature (LTT) steel --- austenite-to-martensite transformation --- Debye-Waller factor --- composites --- multi-scale --- embedded damage --- non-destructive testing --- photoacoustic --- ultrasonic representation --- terahertz --- coded-aperture imaging --- convolution neural network (CNN) --- fast image reconstruction --- nondestructive evaluation --- acoustic nonlinearity parameter --- indirect method --- laser ultrasound --- fully non-contact --- surface acoustic wave --- UWB-PPM --- UWB-OOK --- buried objects --- nondestructive environment --- Levenberg-Marquardt method --- textured surface anomaly detection --- computer vision --- deep learning --- attention mechanism --- adaptive fusion --- power quality disturbances --- long short term memory --- convolutional neural network --- short time Fourier transform --- leaky Lamb wave --- semi-analytical finite element (SAFE) --- waveguide sensor --- finite-width plate --- waveguide plate --- width modes --- spatial beating --- Rayleigh-Sommerfeld integral (RSI) --- weld cracks --- eddy current nondestructive testing --- gradiently relative magnetic permeability --- heat affected zone --- austenitic stainless steel --- circulating fluidized bed combustion boiler --- water-cooled wall tube --- magnetic sensor array --- magnetic flux density --- flexible ultrasonic probe --- neutron irradiation embrittlement --- reactor pressure vessel --- magnetic nondestructive evaluation --- micromagnetic multiparameter microstructure and stress analysis 3MA --- magnetic adaptive testing --- 3D imaging of metal grains --- non-destructive testing methods --- stacking images --- SA106 carbon steel --- terahertz waves --- refractive index --- thickness measurement --- Shim stock films --- composite materials --- reflection mode --- neutron radiography --- Bragg-edge imaging --- gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) --- low transformation temperature (LTT) steel --- austenite-to-martensite transformation --- Debye-Waller factor

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The raw materials industry is widely considered to be too environmentally costly, and causing more losses than benefits. The responsible solving of the problems caused by this industry is not “exporting” its operations to less developed countries, but addressing all recognized hazards with dedicated technological developments. Such an approach is presented by the authors of this book. The contributions deal with the optimization of processes in the raw materials industry, obtaining energy from alternative fuels, researching the environmental aspects of industrial activities. This book determines some guidelines for the sustainable raw materials industry, describing methods of the optimized use of mined deposits and the recovery of materials, reductions in energy consumption and the recuperation of energy, minimizations in the emissions of pollutants, the perfection of quieter and safer processes, and the facilitation of modern materials-, water-, and energy-related techniques and technologies.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- acid leaching --- battery recycling --- Li-ion batteries --- metal recovery --- raw material sustainable use --- sieving screen --- inertial vibrator --- dual-frequency --- spectrum --- FEM simulation --- biomass ash --- coal ash --- sintering --- mechanical test --- pressure drop test --- slagging --- fouling --- ion flotation --- used batteries --- ecological safety --- recovery --- Zn(II) --- Mn(II) --- belt conveyor --- prosumer --- downhill transport of overburden --- specific energy consumption --- recuperation --- energy recovery rate --- air quality monitoring --- SO2 --- VOC --- H2S --- PM10 --- PM2.5 --- PM1.0 --- outdoor air quality --- air flow aerodynamics --- street canyon --- digestate --- biogas plant --- hydrothermal carbonisation --- membrane processes --- water recovery --- thermal lag --- fossil fuels --- pyrolysis --- TG --- thermal analysis --- power --- powered roof support --- hydraulic leg --- bench testing --- dynamic load --- discrete event simulation --- quarry --- mine machine --- cost of production --- fire-side corrosion --- boiler tube wastage --- diagnostics --- industrial-scale boilers --- non-destructive inspection --- pipe inspection --- wall thickness measurement --- stone waste --- waste generation --- waste recycling --- industrial waste treatment --- sustainable manufacturing --- dimension natural stone processing --- GHG emissions --- stable isotopes --- waste management --- energy recovery --- unburned carbon --- fly ash --- activated carbon --- adsorption kinetics --- statistical regression --- sustainable mining --- heating and energy processes --- raw material sustainable-use fossil fuels --- energy conversion and storage --- air pollution --- emission reduction methods --- purification and removal techniques

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Nondestructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E) is one of the most important techniques for determining the quality and safety of materials, components, devices, and structures. NDT&E technologies include ultrasonic testing (UT), magnetic particle testing (MT), magnetic flux leakage testing (MFLT), eddy current testing (ECT), radiation testing (RT), penetrant testing (PT), and visual testing (VT), and these are widely used throughout the modern industry. However, some NDT processes, such as those for cleaning specimens and removing paint, cause environmental pollution and must only be considered in limited environments (time, space, and sensor selection). Thus, NDT&E is classified as a typical 3D (dirty, dangerous, and difficult) job. In addition, NDT operators judge the presence of damage based on experience and subjective judgment, so in some cases, a flaw may not be detected during the test. Therefore, to obtain clearer test results, a means for the operator to determine flaws more easily should be provided. In addition, the test results should be organized systemically in order to identify the cause of the abnormality in the test specimen and to identify the progress of the damage quantitatively.

composites --- multi-scale --- embedded damage --- non-destructive testing --- photoacoustic --- ultrasonic representation --- terahertz --- coded-aperture imaging --- convolution neural network (CNN) --- fast image reconstruction --- nondestructive evaluation --- acoustic nonlinearity parameter --- indirect method --- laser ultrasound --- fully non-contact --- surface acoustic wave --- UWB-PPM --- UWB-OOK --- buried objects --- nondestructive environment --- Levenberg–Marquardt method --- textured surface anomaly detection --- computer vision --- deep learning --- attention mechanism --- adaptive fusion --- power quality disturbances --- long short term memory --- convolutional neural network --- short time Fourier transform --- leaky Lamb wave --- semi-analytical finite element (SAFE) --- waveguide sensor --- finite-width plate --- waveguide plate --- width modes --- spatial beating --- Rayleigh–Sommerfeld integral (RSI) --- weld cracks --- eddy current nondestructive testing --- gradiently relative magnetic permeability --- heat affected zone --- austenitic stainless steel --- circulating fluidized bed combustion boiler --- water-cooled wall tube --- magnetic sensor array --- magnetic flux density --- flexible ultrasonic probe --- neutron irradiation embrittlement --- reactor pressure vessel --- magnetic nondestructive evaluation --- micromagnetic multiparameter microstructure and stress analysis 3MA --- magnetic adaptive testing --- 3D imaging of metal grains --- non-destructive testing methods --- stacking images --- SA106 carbon steel --- terahertz waves --- refractive index --- thickness measurement --- Shim stock films --- composite materials --- reflection mode --- neutron radiography --- Bragg-edge imaging --- gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) --- low transformation temperature (LTT) steel --- austenite-to-martensite transformation --- Debye–Waller factor --- n/a --- Levenberg-Marquardt method --- Rayleigh-Sommerfeld integral (RSI) --- Debye-Waller factor