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This book focuses on both fundamental and applied research on nanogenerators. The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is based on expanded Maxwell’s equations for a mechano-driven system, including the polarization density term Ps in a displacement vector owing to the electrostatic charges on medium surfaces as produced by effects such as triboelectrification. The TENGs have potential applications in blue energy, wearable devices, environmental protectioin, medical science, and security. Hybridized and coupled nanogenerators further expand the application of nanogenerators in energy stability and multi-functional sensing.

triboelectric nanogenerator --- network --- blue energy --- wave energy --- energy harvesting --- surface engineering --- surface morphology --- surface modification --- enhanced performance --- human–machine interface (HMI) --- triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) --- artificial intelligence (AI) --- robot perception --- wearable sensor --- Internet of things (IoT) --- Beaufort scale monitoring --- near-zero power --- wake-up system --- triboelectric sensor --- ferroelectric materials --- nanogenerators --- piezoelectricity --- triboelectricity --- pyroelectricity --- bulk ferroelectric photovoltaic effect (BPVE) --- harvesting --- coupled effects --- mechanical conversion --- mechanical transmission --- triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) --- external mechanical system control --- regulated output --- uniform output --- stretchable electronic skin --- self-powered sensing --- human motion monitoring --- thermoplastic polyurethane fibers --- biosensors --- hybridization --- piezoelectric nanogenerator --- electromechanical conversion --- self-powered --- cell modulation --- smart textiles --- triboelectric nanogenerators --- electricity generation --- output enhancement --- air breakdown --- lubricant liquid --- mechanical lifespan

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Additive manufacturing (AM) methods have grown and evolved rapidly in recent years. AM for polymers is particularly exciting and has great potential in transformative and translational research in many fields, such as biomedicine, aerospace, and even electronics. The current methods for polymer AM include material extrusion, material jetting, vat polymerization, and powder bed fusion. In this Special Issue, state-of-the-art reviews and current research results, which focus on the process–structure–properties relationships in polymer additive manufacturing, are reported. These include, but are not limited to, assessing the effect of process parameters, post-processing, and characterization techniques.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- Materials science --- tray location --- build direction --- surface finish --- matte --- glossy --- magnetic polymer composites --- anisotropic properties --- dual-cure resin --- polymer casting --- additive manufacturing --- thermoplastic polyurethane --- polylactic acid --- trachea scaffold --- 3D filament --- selective laser sintering --- di-carboxylic acids --- plasticizers --- solid oral forms --- printability --- heating temperature --- Peano curve --- composite --- PolyJet 3D printing --- rule of mixture --- multi-material printing --- biodegradable polyesters --- polyglycolic acid (PGA) --- fused deposition modeling (FDM) --- triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) --- mechanical property --- poly(lactic acid) --- optimization --- simulation --- finite element analysis (FEA) --- polymers --- material jetting --- 3D printing --- airfoil --- aerodynamic model --- design of experiments --- surface roughness --- photopolymerization --- curing strategy --- reaction heat --- shrinkage and warpage --- powder bed fusion --- laser sintering --- isothermal --- low temperature laser sintering --- selective laser melting --- tray location --- build direction --- surface finish --- matte --- glossy --- magnetic polymer composites --- anisotropic properties --- dual-cure resin --- polymer casting --- additive manufacturing --- thermoplastic polyurethane --- polylactic acid --- trachea scaffold --- 3D filament --- selective laser sintering --- di-carboxylic acids --- plasticizers --- solid oral forms --- printability --- heating temperature --- Peano curve --- composite --- PolyJet 3D printing --- rule of mixture --- multi-material printing --- biodegradable polyesters --- polyglycolic acid (PGA) --- fused deposition modeling (FDM) --- triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) --- mechanical property --- poly(lactic acid) --- optimization --- simulation --- finite element analysis (FEA) --- polymers --- material jetting --- 3D printing --- airfoil --- aerodynamic model --- design of experiments --- surface roughness --- photopolymerization --- curing strategy --- reaction heat --- shrinkage and warpage --- powder bed fusion --- laser sintering --- isothermal --- low temperature laser sintering --- selective laser melting

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This book, as a collection of 17 research articles, provides a selection of the most recent advances in the synthesis, characterization, and applications of environmentally friendly and biodegradable biopolymer composites and nanocomposites. Recently, the demand has been growing for a clean and pollution-free environment and an evident target regarding the minimization of fossil fuel usage. Therefore, much attention has been focused on research to replace petroleum-based commodity plastics by biodegradable materials arising from biological and renewable resources. Biopolymers—polymers produced from natural sources either chemically from a biological material or biosynthesized by living organisms—are suitable alternatives for addressing these issues due to their outstanding properties, including good barrier performance, biodegradation ability, and low weight. However, they generally possess poor mechanical properties, a short fatigue life, low chemical resistance, poor long-term durability, and limited processing capability. In order to overcome these deficiencies, biopolymers can be reinforced with fillers or nanofillers (with at least one of their dimensions in the nanometer range). Bionanocomposites are advantageous for a wide range of applications, such as in medicine, pharmaceutics, cosmetics, food packaging, agriculture, forestry, electronics, transport, construction, and many more.

biodegradable films --- chitosan --- natural rubber --- n/a --- toughening --- elastomer --- deoxycholic acid --- cellulose fibers --- amphiphilic polymer --- cross-link density --- antioxidant activity --- nanocomposites --- silk fibroin --- impact properties --- conductivity --- antimicrobial agents --- Py-GC/MS --- Poly(propylene carbonate) --- biodisintegration --- peptide-cellulose conformation --- nanocomposite --- alginate films --- toughness --- protease sensor --- physical and mechanical properties --- biocomposites --- nanocellulose --- thermal decomposition kinetics --- potato protein --- micelles --- nanofibers --- mechanical properties --- active packaging materials --- cellulose --- structural profile --- glycol chitosan --- glass transition --- essential oils --- compatibility --- plasticized starch --- natural fibers --- biopolyester --- human neutrophil elastase --- biodegradation --- bio-composites --- fiber/matrix adhesion --- ?-tocopherol succinate --- MgO whiskers --- carbon nanotubes --- PLLA --- electrospinning --- chitin nanofibrils --- FTIR --- biopolymers composites --- DMA --- wheat gluten --- water uptake --- folic acid --- polycarbonate --- aerogel --- surfactant --- paclitaxel --- chemical pre-treatment --- biomass --- thermoplastic polyurethane --- poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-3-hydroxyvalerate) --- stress-strain --- polyfunctional monomers --- bio-based polymers --- tensile properties --- compatibilizer --- TG/FTIR --- PVA --- in vitro degradation --- poly(lactic acid) --- heat deflection temperature

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Additive manufacturing (AM) methods have grown and evolved rapidly in recent years. AM for polymers is an exciting field and has great potential in transformative and translational research in many fields, such as biomedical, aerospace, and even electronics. Current methods for polymer AM include material extrusion, material jetting, vat polymerisation, and powder bed fusion. With the promise of more applications, detailed understanding of AM—from the processability of the feedstock to the relationship between the process–structure–properties of AM parts—has become more critical. More research work is needed in material development to widen the choice of materials for polymer additive manufacturing. Modelling and simulations of the process will allow the prediction of microstructures and mechanical properties of the fabricated parts while complementing the understanding of the physical phenomena that occurs during the AM processes. In this book, state-of-the-art reviews and current research are collated, which focus on the process–structure–properties relationships in polymer additive manufacturing.

Technology: general issues --- Three Point Bending test --- mode I fracture toughness --- selective laser sintering --- polyamide and Alumide --- geometrical errors --- microstructure. --- 3D printing --- additive manufacturing --- material extrusion --- silicone --- meniscus implant --- material jetting --- polymer --- machine capability --- process capability --- statistical process control --- quality --- variability --- tolerance grade --- Fused Filament Fabrication --- thermoplastic polyurethane --- energy absorption --- dynamic compression --- crashworthiness --- Simplified Rubber Material --- Ls Dyna --- magnetic composites --- ferrite composites --- field structuring --- microstructure control --- rheological modifications --- fused filament fabrication --- polymers --- fibre reinforcement --- mechanical properties --- CFRP --- PLA mold --- fused deposition modeling --- vacuum bag technology --- 3D scanning --- bike saddle --- impact resistance --- bioinspired --- helicoidal structure --- electrospinning --- piezoelectric --- PVDF --- barium titanate --- nanocomposites --- printed electronics --- inkjet printing --- nanomaterial ink --- poly(ethylene terephthalate) --- bisphenol --- crystallization kinetics --- thermal property --- melt polycondensation --- polymer resin --- turbomachinery --- optimization --- n/a

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Machining remains one of the most important manufacturing processes in the metalworking industry. Studies on this process have investigated the machinability of different materials, the behaviour of tools, chip formation, surface integrity, forces involved, and its economic and environmental sustainability. New materials are constantly being developed, and machining research needs to closely follow these developments. This book examines recent research in the machining field, covering several aspects and presenting very interesting developments in this area of knowledge.

Technology: general issues --- magnesium alloy --- UNS M11917 --- AZ91D --- hole repair --- surface roughness --- dry drilling --- re-drilling --- thin plates --- thin-wall --- machining --- aluminium --- cutting forces --- roughness --- dry --- carbide tool --- Haynes 282 --- finishing turning --- UNS A97075 --- dry turning --- surface integrity --- straightness --- parallelism --- roundness --- concentricity --- circular run-out --- total run-out --- cylindricity --- tool edge preparation --- segmented chip --- machining simulation --- burr --- optimization --- turning process --- turning tools --- solid tools --- cemented carbide --- coated tools --- coated cemented carbide --- Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) --- Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) --- multilayered coatings --- nanolayered coatings --- wear mechanism --- tool life --- minimum quantity Lubricant (MQL) --- cutting energy --- tool damage --- liquid nitrogen --- carbon dioxide snow --- vibrations --- part quality --- flexible vacuum fixture --- AA2024 floor milling --- chip segmentation --- damage modeling --- dynamic strain aging --- stainless steel --- Ca treatment --- machinability --- turning --- chip breakability --- weight distribution --- non-metallic inclusions --- AWJM (abrasive water jet machining) --- CFRTP (carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastics) --- hybrid structure --- surface quality --- Ra --- Rz --- C/TPU (carbon/thermoplastic polyurethane) --- milling --- tool coating --- TiAlN --- TiAlN-based coatings --- multilayer --- nanolayer --- wear mechanisms --- n/a