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Fluid-aided mass transfer and subsequent mineral re-equilibration are the two defining features of metasomatism and must be present in order for metamorphism to occur. Coupled with igneous and tectonic processes, metasomatism has played a major role in the formation of the Earth’s continental and oceanic crust and lithospheric mantle as well as in their evolution and subsequent stabilization. Metasomatic processes can include ore mineralization, metasomatically induced alteration of oceanic lithosphere, mass transport in and alteration of subducted oceanic crust and overlying mantle wedge, which has subsequent implications regarding mass transport, fluid flow, and volatile storage in the lithospheric mantle overall, as well as both regional and localized crustal metamorphism. Metasomatic alteration of accessory minerals such as zircon or monazite can allow for the dating of metasomatic events as well as give additional information regarding the chemistry of the fluids responsible. Lastly present day movement of fluids in both the lithospheric mantle and deep to mid crust can be observed utilizing geophysical resources such as electrical resistivity and seismic data. Such observations help to further clarify the picture of actual metasomatic processes as inferred from basic petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical data. The goal of this volume is to bring together a diverse group of geologists, each of whose specialities and long range experience regarding one or more aspects of metasomatism during geologic processes, should allow them to contribute to a series of review chapters, which outline the basis of our current understanding of how metasomatism influences and helps to control both the evolution and stability of the crust and lithospheric mantle.

Chemical transformation. --- Metasomatism. --- Thermodynamic modeling. --- Geology --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Mineralogy --- Metasomatism (Mineralogy) --- Mineralogy. --- Metasomatosis --- Earth sciences. --- Geochemistry. --- Geophysics. --- Earth Sciences. --- Geophysics/Geodesy. --- Physical geology --- Crystallography --- Minerals --- Petrology --- Physical geography. --- Geography --- Chemical composition of the earth --- Chemical geology --- Geological chemistry --- Geology, Chemical --- Chemistry --- Earth sciences --- Geological physics --- Terrestrial physics --- Physics

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This Special Issue on “LCA of Energy Systems” contains inspiring contributions on assessing the sustainability of novel technologies destined to shape the future of our energy sector. These include battery-based and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, geothermal energy, hydropower, biomass gasification, national electricity systems, and waste incineration. The analysis of trends and singularities will be invaluable to product designers, engineers, and policy makers. Furthermore, these exercises also contribute to refining the life cycle framework and harmonizing methodological decisions. Our hope is that this should be a step toward promoting the use of science and knowledge to shape a better world for everyone.

Research & information: general --- life cycle assessment --- battery electric vehicle (BEV) --- plug-in electric vehicle --- energy --- greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions --- thermodynamic modeling --- exergy --- e-waste --- secondary copper smelting --- precious metal recovery --- printed circuit board --- coalbed methane development --- risk assessment --- structural entropy weight method --- matter-element extension method --- LCA --- Spain --- renewables --- electricity --- sustainability --- carbon footprint --- employment --- LCOE --- CHP --- biomass --- gasification --- SOFC --- allocation --- multifunctionality --- geothermal energy --- flash technology --- Bagnore power plant --- pedigree matrix --- carbon dioxide capture --- activated carbon --- environmental impacts --- IGCC --- carbon capture economy --- stirling cycle-based heat pump --- gas/oil-fired boilers --- SimaPro --- eco-indicator 99 --- life cycle impact assessment --- distance-to-target weighting --- ecological scarcity --- renewable electricity and heat generation --- decentralized energy system

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This Special Issue on “LCA of Energy Systems” contains inspiring contributions on assessing the sustainability of novel technologies destined to shape the future of our energy sector. These include battery-based and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, geothermal energy, hydropower, biomass gasification, national electricity systems, and waste incineration. The analysis of trends and singularities will be invaluable to product designers, engineers, and policy makers. Furthermore, these exercises also contribute to refining the life cycle framework and harmonizing methodological decisions. Our hope is that this should be a step toward promoting the use of science and knowledge to shape a better world for everyone.

Research & information: general --- life cycle assessment --- battery electric vehicle (BEV) --- plug-in electric vehicle --- energy --- greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions --- thermodynamic modeling --- exergy --- e-waste --- secondary copper smelting --- precious metal recovery --- printed circuit board --- coalbed methane development --- risk assessment --- structural entropy weight method --- matter-element extension method --- LCA --- Spain --- renewables --- electricity --- sustainability --- carbon footprint --- employment --- LCOE --- CHP --- biomass --- gasification --- SOFC --- allocation --- multifunctionality --- geothermal energy --- flash technology --- Bagnore power plant --- pedigree matrix --- carbon dioxide capture --- activated carbon --- environmental impacts --- IGCC --- carbon capture economy --- stirling cycle-based heat pump --- gas/oil-fired boilers --- SimaPro --- eco-indicator 99 --- life cycle impact assessment --- distance-to-target weighting --- ecological scarcity --- renewable electricity and heat generation --- decentralized energy system

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In recent years, the scientific community’s interest towards efficient energy conversion systems has significantly increased. One of the reasons is certainly related to the change in the temperature of the planet, which appears to have increased by 0.76 °C with respect to pre-industrial levels, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and this trend has not yet been stopped. The European Union considers it vital to prevent global warming from exceeding 2 °C with respect to pre-industrial levels, since this phenomenon has been proven to result in irreversible and potentially catastrophic changes. These climate changes are mainly caused by the emissions of greenhouse gasses related to human activities, and can be drastically reduced by employing energy systems, for both heating and cooling of buildings and for power production, characterized by high efficiency levels and/or based on renewable energy sources. This Special Issue, published in the journal Energies, includes 12 contributions from across the world, including a wide range of applications, such as HT-PEMFC, district heating systems, a thermoelectric generator for industrial waste, artificial ground freezing, nanofluids, and others.

Research & information: general --- Technology: general issues --- Thermosyphon --- start-up characteristics --- hydrophilic and hydrophobic --- contact angle --- numerical modeling --- heat transfer --- artificial ground freezing --- underground station --- metro in Napoli --- GEO heating --- microwave heating --- microfluidics --- silicon --- chip integration --- industrial waste heat recovery --- thermoelectric generator --- hexagonal heat exchanger --- temperature distribution --- output performance --- combustor --- turbulent Prandtl approaches --- Navier–Stokes simulation --- thermal analysis --- axial permanent magnet coupling (APMC) --- eddy current --- finite element method (FEM) --- lumped-parameter thermal network (LPTN) --- energy efficiency --- induction heating --- resistance heating --- turnouts --- railway --- safety of rail traffic --- stock-rail --- switch-rail --- nanofluid --- entropy generation --- viscous dissipation --- magnetic heating --- high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell --- thermal management --- organic rankine cycle --- plate heat exchanger --- waste heat recovery --- cooling system --- thermodynamic modeling --- shielded metal arc welding --- welding spatter --- electrode --- electrical power --- welding time --- drying --- energy analysis --- exergy analysis --- multiphase model --- multispecies model --- thermodynamics --- Baltic Sea Region --- district heating --- DH network --- smart asset management --- smart grid

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In recent years, the scientific community’s interest towards efficient energy conversion systems has significantly increased. One of the reasons is certainly related to the change in the temperature of the planet, which appears to have increased by 0.76 °C with respect to pre-industrial levels, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and this trend has not yet been stopped. The European Union considers it vital to prevent global warming from exceeding 2 °C with respect to pre-industrial levels, since this phenomenon has been proven to result in irreversible and potentially catastrophic changes. These climate changes are mainly caused by the emissions of greenhouse gasses related to human activities, and can be drastically reduced by employing energy systems, for both heating and cooling of buildings and for power production, characterized by high efficiency levels and/or based on renewable energy sources. This Special Issue, published in the journal Energies, includes 12 contributions from across the world, including a wide range of applications, such as HT-PEMFC, district heating systems, a thermoelectric generator for industrial waste, artificial ground freezing, nanofluids, and others.

Thermosyphon --- start-up characteristics --- hydrophilic and hydrophobic --- contact angle --- numerical modeling --- heat transfer --- artificial ground freezing --- underground station --- metro in Napoli --- GEO heating --- microwave heating --- microfluidics --- silicon --- chip integration --- industrial waste heat recovery --- thermoelectric generator --- hexagonal heat exchanger --- temperature distribution --- output performance --- combustor --- turbulent Prandtl approaches --- Navier–Stokes simulation --- thermal analysis --- axial permanent magnet coupling (APMC) --- eddy current --- finite element method (FEM) --- lumped-parameter thermal network (LPTN) --- energy efficiency --- induction heating --- resistance heating --- turnouts --- railway --- safety of rail traffic --- stock-rail --- switch-rail --- nanofluid --- entropy generation --- viscous dissipation --- magnetic heating --- high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell --- thermal management --- organic rankine cycle --- plate heat exchanger --- waste heat recovery --- cooling system --- thermodynamic modeling --- shielded metal arc welding --- welding spatter --- electrode --- electrical power --- welding time --- drying --- energy analysis --- exergy analysis --- multiphase model --- multispecies model --- thermodynamics --- Baltic Sea Region --- district heating --- DH network --- smart asset management --- smart grid