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Currently, water and energy are among the world biggest challenges. All countries working on increasing industries and searching for progress need energy. Beside the limitation on the energy in the world, the aspect that has limited the use of energy is global warming. Fossil fuels are mostly used in the industries produce greenhouse gasses that cause trapping of the heat in the atmosphere and thus lead to temperatures rising and climate change. The importance of green energy is that it does not have the negative effect of fossil fuels and does not release carbon dioxide as the main greenhouse gas through combustion. This book contains some new studies about the production of renewable energies and applications of green technologies in various processes. The book is useful for researchers in the field of green technologies and also post-graduate students who are interested in expanding their knowledge of novel technologies and green fuels. It contains six chapters. In Chapter 1, a microbial fuel cell was studied and optimized. In Chapter 2, an autonomous model that can be used in cars and agriculture was reviewed. Chapter 3 studies the dehumidification capacity of water walls. Chapter 4 discusses the performance of conventional and unconventional single U-Tube pipe configurations. Chapter 5 studies the power generation table of 40 different locations in Oman. Finally, in Chapter 6 the role of renewable energy in south Asian countries is discussed.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- acceptance --- AgTech startups --- autonomous --- robot --- TAM --- water wall --- falling water film --- relative humidity --- temperature --- condensation rate --- dehumidification --- vertical ground heat exchanger --- external fin --- thermal response test --- effective ground thermal conductivity --- carbon nanotube --- coulombic efficiency --- microbial fuel cell --- nanocomposite --- Pt --- lookup tables --- photovoltaic --- PVGIS --- solar --- Oman --- health expenditures --- CO2 emissions --- renewable energy --- South Asian countries --- FMOLS

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Geothermal energy is a renewable, sustainable, and ecologically friendly resource of energy that can be captured with shallow or deep installations, or a combination of both—alone or integrated with other technologies. It can then be employed for a variety of purposes, for example, electricity generation, space heating and cooling, agriculture, and aquaculture. Given the nature/features of this green energy resource—such as being a local, climate-independent, potentially constant, robust, generally available, resilient, almost greenhouse gas-free, and long-lived energy source—geothermal solutions can and should make a more prominent contribution to the future global energy supply mix, in addition to helping lessen humanity’s environmental footprint and enabling it to attain its sustainable development goals. This Special Issue, “New Trends in Enhanced, Hybrid and Integrated Geothermal Systems”, addresses existing knowledge gaps and aids advance deployment of geothermal energy globally. It consists of eight peer-reviewed papers that cover a range of subjects and applications related to geothermal energy.

Technology: general issues --- tri-generation --- off-design analysis --- ammonia-water solution --- geothermal --- flexible demand production --- optimization --- standing column well (SCW) --- thermal response test --- effective thermal conductivity --- bleeding rate --- thermal conductivity --- balancing well --- coefficient of performance (COP) --- ground heat exchanger --- 3D simulation --- finned U-tube --- external fin --- internal fin --- dynamic simulation --- conventional geothermal --- direct heat use --- Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin --- bottomhole temperatures --- Alberta --- well-doublet system --- sustainability --- disequilibrium --- thermomechanical effects --- chemical coupling --- climate change --- heat transfer --- granite fracture --- flow direction --- enhanced geothermal system --- renewable energy --- geothermal energy --- mature oilfield --- abandoned hydrocarbon well --- wellbore heat exchanger --- Pannonian basin --- geothermal cascade use --- energy efficiency --- wellness and spa facilities --- balneology --- bioclimatic architecture --- passive design strategies --- modular building

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Preface Several countries have recently realized that the present paradigm of development in environmental and energy fields is unsustainable. As global awareness of environmental issues grows, governments worldwide are promoting policies which aim to limit the harmful effects of human development on the environment. In particular, these novel policies seek to address the rapid increase of the global temperature (especially in the polar regions) as well as to manage human plastic waste accumulating in seas. To resolve these issues will require a number of actions to be implemented; unfortunately, the recent COP 24 Conference was unsuccessful in establishing a global agreement to achieve these actions. In order for the upcoming 2020 COP 26 Conference to be successful in creating such an agreement, the scientific community must support the policymakers’ efforts. Within this framework, it is necessary to show the efforts of countries worldwide as they try to negotiate an agreement to increase the energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In addition, the research reports generated can provide quantitative measures of the necessary actions to be implemented in order to address sustainable and efficient energy use. Among other topics, the papers presented in this issue investigate innovations in novel efficient and environmentally friendly technologies mainly based on renewable energy sources. The study also highlights the different sectors involved in this task, such as energy conversion systems, urban areas, mobility, sustainability, water management, social aspects, etc. In this field, the Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems (SDEWES) conference provides the foremost forum for discussion on these topics. The 13th Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems Conference was held in Palermo, Italy in 2018. This Special Issue of Energies, precisely dedicated to 13th SDEWES Conference, features papers in three main topics: Energy policy and energy efficiency in urban areas, energy efficiency in industry, biomass and other miscellaneous energy systems.

Research & information: general --- sewage sludge --- torrefaction --- steam gasification --- tars --- water recycling --- wastewater treatment --- environmental and energy performance --- life cycle assessment (LCA) --- crude oil refining --- high-efficiency cogeneration --- primary energy saving --- electricity from cogeneration --- paper industry --- GateCycle --- CO2 emissions avoided --- sinter --- porous media --- local thermal non-equilibrium --- exergy destruction minimization --- BP neural network --- genetic algorithm --- urban simulation --- photovoltaics --- heat pump --- co-generation --- heat demand analysis --- low-temperature district heating --- district cooling --- energy storage --- linear programming --- tropical climate --- integrated energy modelling --- energy system optimization --- temporal resolution --- energy planning --- variable renewable energy sources --- Discrete Element Model --- gas–solid flow --- heat transfer enhancement --- entransy dissipation --- numerical simulation --- optimization --- control strategy --- peak-shaving --- mCHP --- Stirling engine --- renewable energy --- energy consumption profile --- heavy truck traffic --- road transport --- liquefied natural gas (LNG) --- alternative fuels --- hydrogen --- hydrogen pipelines --- hydrogen transmission --- pipeline transmission --- pressure drop --- pinch analysis --- heat exchanger network (HEN) design --- plus-minus principle --- supply temperature --- disturbances --- maximum energy recovery --- bypass --- economic evaluation --- two-phase flow regime --- airlift pump --- void fraction --- image analysis --- efficiency optimization --- energy microgrids --- energy system integration --- smart building clusters --- hybrid renewable systems --- heat pumps --- district heating --- cogeneration --- natural gas --- natural gas regulation station --- turboexpander --- pressure regulator --- energy recovery --- energy conversion --- energy system analysis --- flue gas heat recovery --- exergy --- coefficient of performance --- thermoelectric generator --- organic rankine cycle --- district energy systems --- anaerobic digestion and composting --- circular economy --- energy return on investment --- hydrogen bioenergy --- food waste hierarchy --- biofuel --- CI engine --- combustion --- emission --- greenhouse gas --- jatropha biodiesel --- nanoparticle --- performance --- Covenant of Mayors --- indirect emission allocation --- local energy generation --- geoenergetics --- ground source heat pumps --- borehole heat exchangers --- thermal response test --- borehole thermal energy storage --- bioelectricity --- carbon capture --- negative emissions --- sugarcane --- biomass --- climate change --- wave energy converters --- Power Take Off --- EP4 --- latching --- wave flume --- floating --- moorings --- renewable electricity generation systems --- SDEWES 2018 --- chicken manure --- proximate and ultimate analysis --- energy potential --- sustainable smart city --- mathematical optimisation --- urban design --- bilevel modelling --- location theory --- traffic assignment --- infrastructure expansion --- building location --- sustainable development --- energy efficiency in industry

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Preface Several countries have recently realized that the present paradigm of development in environmental and energy fields is unsustainable. As global awareness of environmental issues grows, governments worldwide are promoting policies which aim to limit the harmful effects of human development on the environment. In particular, these novel policies seek to address the rapid increase of the global temperature (especially in the polar regions) as well as to manage human plastic waste accumulating in seas. To resolve these issues will require a number of actions to be implemented; unfortunately, the recent COP 24 Conference was unsuccessful in establishing a global agreement to achieve these actions. In order for the upcoming 2020 COP 26 Conference to be successful in creating such an agreement, the scientific community must support the policymakers’ efforts. Within this framework, it is necessary to show the efforts of countries worldwide as they try to negotiate an agreement to increase the energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In addition, the research reports generated can provide quantitative measures of the necessary actions to be implemented in order to address sustainable and efficient energy use. Among other topics, the papers presented in this issue investigate innovations in novel efficient and environmentally friendly technologies mainly based on renewable energy sources. The study also highlights the different sectors involved in this task, such as energy conversion systems, urban areas, mobility, sustainability, water management, social aspects, etc. In this field, the Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems (SDEWES) conference provides the foremost forum for discussion on these topics. The 13th Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems Conference was held in Palermo, Italy in 2018. This Special Issue of Energies, precisely dedicated to 13th SDEWES Conference, features papers in three main topics: Energy policy and energy efficiency in urban areas, energy efficiency in industry, biomass and other miscellaneous energy systems.

Research & information: general --- sewage sludge --- torrefaction --- steam gasification --- tars --- water recycling --- wastewater treatment --- environmental and energy performance --- life cycle assessment (LCA) --- crude oil refining --- high-efficiency cogeneration --- primary energy saving --- electricity from cogeneration --- paper industry --- GateCycle --- CO2 emissions avoided --- sinter --- porous media --- local thermal non-equilibrium --- exergy destruction minimization --- BP neural network --- genetic algorithm --- urban simulation --- photovoltaics --- heat pump --- co-generation --- heat demand analysis --- low-temperature district heating --- district cooling --- energy storage --- linear programming --- tropical climate --- integrated energy modelling --- energy system optimization --- temporal resolution --- energy planning --- variable renewable energy sources --- Discrete Element Model --- gas–solid flow --- heat transfer enhancement --- entransy dissipation --- numerical simulation --- optimization --- control strategy --- peak-shaving --- mCHP --- Stirling engine --- renewable energy --- energy consumption profile --- heavy truck traffic --- road transport --- liquefied natural gas (LNG) --- alternative fuels --- hydrogen --- hydrogen pipelines --- hydrogen transmission --- pipeline transmission --- pressure drop --- pinch analysis --- heat exchanger network (HEN) design --- plus-minus principle --- supply temperature --- disturbances --- maximum energy recovery --- bypass --- economic evaluation --- two-phase flow regime --- airlift pump --- void fraction --- image analysis --- efficiency optimization --- energy microgrids --- energy system integration --- smart building clusters --- hybrid renewable systems --- heat pumps --- district heating --- cogeneration --- natural gas --- natural gas regulation station --- turboexpander --- pressure regulator --- energy recovery --- energy conversion --- energy system analysis --- flue gas heat recovery --- exergy --- coefficient of performance --- thermoelectric generator --- organic rankine cycle --- district energy systems --- anaerobic digestion and composting --- circular economy --- energy return on investment --- hydrogen bioenergy --- food waste hierarchy --- biofuel --- CI engine --- combustion --- emission --- greenhouse gas --- jatropha biodiesel --- nanoparticle --- performance --- Covenant of Mayors --- indirect emission allocation --- local energy generation --- geoenergetics --- ground source heat pumps --- borehole heat exchangers --- thermal response test --- borehole thermal energy storage --- bioelectricity --- carbon capture --- negative emissions --- sugarcane --- biomass --- climate change --- wave energy converters --- Power Take Off --- EP4 --- latching --- wave flume --- floating --- moorings --- renewable electricity generation systems --- SDEWES 2018 --- chicken manure --- proximate and ultimate analysis --- energy potential --- sustainable smart city --- mathematical optimisation --- urban design --- bilevel modelling --- location theory --- traffic assignment --- infrastructure expansion --- building location --- sustainable development --- energy efficiency in industry