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The study contributes to the determination of parameters that influence occupant satisfaction with the daylighting of workplaces in everyday life under consideration of seasonal differences. The users’ assessments (977 questionnaires) are supplemented by an analysis of the users’ behavior that allows conclusions on the users’ needs and on their tolerance towards adverse conditions. By evaluating users’ ratings and interventions, clues for the planning of user friendly buildings can be identified.

visueller Komfort --- thermischer Komfortworkplace --- visual comfort --- Nutzerverhalten --- thermal comfort --- Arbeitsplatz --- occupants&#8217 --- Nutzerzufriedenheit --- daylight --- occupant satisfaction --- behaviour --- Tageslicht

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As the century begins, natural resources are under increasing pressure, threatening public health and development. As a result, the balance between man and nature has been disrupted, with climatic changes whose effects are starting to be irreversible. Due to the relationship between the quality of the indoor built environment and its energy demand, thermal comfort issues are still relevant in the disciplinary debate. This is also because the indoor environment has a potential impact on occupants' health and productivity, affecting their physical and psychological conditions. To achieve a sustainable compromise in terms of comfort and energy requirements, several challenging questions must be answered with regard to design, technical, engineering, psychological, and physiological issues and, finally, potential interactions with other IEQ issues that require a holistic way to conceive the building envelope design. This Special Issue collected original research and review articles on innovative designs, systems, and/or control domains that can enhance thermal comfort, work productivity, and wellbeing in a built environment, along with works considering the integration of human factors in buildings’ energy performance.

History of engineering & technology --- smart broiler chamber --- ventilation system --- wind velocity --- age of air --- computational fluid dynamics --- simulation analysis --- user awareness --- energy consumption --- individual metering --- feedback strategies --- N-ZEB --- IoT --- Trombe wall --- thermal comfort --- passive heating systems --- heat accumulation --- thermal comfort models --- thermal comfort assessment --- Fanger’s models --- moderate environments --- sport facilities --- desert cooler --- evaporative cooling --- indoor air quality --- liquid desiccant --- effectiveness model --- moisture removal --- PMV --- comfort indices --- software --- app --- building simulation --- health and comfort --- evaluation indicators --- work environments --- indoor environmental quality --- indoor comfort --- human health --- clothing thermal insulation --- thermoregulation model --- Tanabe model --- infrared camera --- indoor air quality (IAQ) --- hybrid ventilation --- demand controlled ventilation (DCV) --- internet of things (IoT) --- soft-sensor --- convolution neural networks --- draught --- cooling period --- open office --- thermal sensation --- biological structure and composition --- tissue temperature --- bioheat model --- MRI analysis --- sensitivity analysis

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As the century begins, natural resources are under increasing pressure, threatening public health and development. As a result, the balance between man and nature has been disrupted, with climatic changes whose effects are starting to be irreversible. Due to the relationship between the quality of the indoor built environment and its energy demand, thermal comfort issues are still relevant in the disciplinary debate. This is also because the indoor environment has a potential impact on occupants' health and productivity, affecting their physical and psychological conditions. To achieve a sustainable compromise in terms of comfort and energy requirements, several challenging questions must be answered with regard to design, technical, engineering, psychological, and physiological issues and, finally, potential interactions with other IEQ issues that require a holistic way to conceive the building envelope design. This Special Issue collected original research and review articles on innovative designs, systems, and/or control domains that can enhance thermal comfort, work productivity, and wellbeing in a built environment, along with works considering the integration of human factors in buildings’ energy performance.

History of engineering & technology --- smart broiler chamber --- ventilation system --- wind velocity --- age of air --- computational fluid dynamics --- simulation analysis --- user awareness --- energy consumption --- individual metering --- feedback strategies --- N-ZEB --- IoT --- Trombe wall --- thermal comfort --- passive heating systems --- heat accumulation --- thermal comfort models --- thermal comfort assessment --- Fanger’s models --- moderate environments --- sport facilities --- desert cooler --- evaporative cooling --- indoor air quality --- liquid desiccant --- effectiveness model --- moisture removal --- PMV --- comfort indices --- software --- app --- building simulation --- health and comfort --- evaluation indicators --- work environments --- indoor environmental quality --- indoor comfort --- human health --- clothing thermal insulation --- thermoregulation model --- Tanabe model --- infrared camera --- indoor air quality (IAQ) --- hybrid ventilation --- demand controlled ventilation (DCV) --- internet of things (IoT) --- soft-sensor --- convolution neural networks --- draught --- cooling period --- open office --- thermal sensation --- biological structure and composition --- tissue temperature --- bioheat model --- MRI analysis --- sensitivity analysis

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This book is relevant to architects, urban designers, planners, and policy makers concerned with enhancing climate-sensitive urban form and planning. It discusses building and neighborhood design: layout and design features that maximize energy efficiency and thermal comfort without compromising the ability of other buildings to enjoy similar benefits; the use of interstitial spaces (piazzas, streets, and parks) to improve the microclimate at the neighbourhood-level; design intervention case studies; innovative uses of interstitial spaces to improve the local climate at the neighborhood level; and urban radiative cooling solutions to mitigate the unintended climate consequences of urban growth and suggestions for ways forward.

cooling effect --- urban park --- thermal comfort --- physiological equivalent temperature --- perceived thermal comfort --- urban heat island --- air temperature --- sustainable cities --- smart cities --- urban health --- global warming --- urban green spaces --- sustainable urban development --- climate change mitigation and adaptation --- urban resilience  --- heatwaves --- urban overheating --- urban heat island intensity --- energy budget equation --- sensible heat flux --- latent heat flux --- advective heat flux --- Australian climatic conditions --- coastal cities --- desert climate --- surface urban heat island effect --- land use/land cover --- partial least square regression --- nonlinear programming --- Shanghai --- China --- urban form --- urban microclimate design --- city --- sustainability --- sustainable development --- cool roof --- passive radiative cooling --- metamaterials --- prototype

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For the last decades, international organizations have attached a huge importance to building’s energy-efficiency. In fact, the construction sector is one of the most responsible for the greenhouse gas emissions and accounts for more than 40% of the total energy consumption. Furthermore, the occupant comfort became a decisive factor of the user’s satisfaction. In addition, the European Union intends to recognize the smartness of building with a Smart Readiness Indicator (SRI). In this way, emerging dynamic building envelopes that are adaptive façades are high potential solutions for the building sector. Moreover, these can significantly reduce the energy demand and improve occupant comfort. Many studies analyzed the impact of such façades by investigating one or several of these technologies. However, a single adaptive façade family was mostly studied. Thereby, in this thesis, four smart envelopes from four different families have been simulated and investigated through EnergyPlus with the help of DesignBuilder. Additionally, three control strategies were chosen to study the dynamic aspect of such systems. These are based on solar, operative temperaturel and glare control. The study aims to perform the energy, thermal and visual comforts performances. Then, the building envelope technologies are compared with a base case based on BESTEST case 600 which consist of a single office room with two windows. The simulated location is Uccle, in the Brussels-capital region in Belgium. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is made to strengthen the results and to determine influential parameters. 
By comparing the different dynamic building technologies, it is demonstrated that dynamic shading devices and electrochromic glazing have a remarkable influence on the energy savings with a decrease of the total annual loads that can reach 31,3% compared to a simple office room without smart technologies. They mostly influence the cooling energy loads. Double-skin façades have a smaller impact on the energy consumption. However, these can significantly improve thermal comfort by decreasing discomfort hours by 14,8% compared to the base case. In fact, electrochromic glazing and dynamic shading do not really influence thermal comfort. In addition, this study points out the importance of control strategy’s choice and parameters. Due to DesignBuilder limitations, visual comfort has only been investigated for double-skin façade cases. Nevertheless, this adaptive façade is able to reduce drastically unwanted daylight by more than 35%.
In conclusion, this thesis helps to determine the impacts of transparent adaptive façades on energy and comfort performances in office buildings. By studying several adaptive façade families and control strategies and different impact criteria, an overview of their potential is possible and can help in decision making of such façades. Depuis quelques décennies, les organisations internationales accordent de plus en plus d’importance à l’efficacité énergétique des bâtiments. En réalité, le secteur de la construction est responsable de plus de 40% de la consommation d’énergie totale. En outre, le confort des occupants est un facteur primordial pour améliorer leur satisfaction. De plus, l’Union Européenne désire évaluer l’intelligence des bâtiments à l’aide d’un indicateur : le Smart Readiness Indicator (SRI). Ainsi, les nouvelles technologies dynamiques d’enveloppes, que sont les façades adaptatives, promettent d’offrir des solutions de qualité pour le secteur de la construction. Aussi, celles-ci peuvent considérablement diminuer la demande d’énergie et améliorer le confort des occupants. Plusieurs études portent sur l’analyse d’une ou plusieurs de ces technologies. Mais la plupart du temps, ces dernières font partie de la même famille de façade adaptive. C’est pourquoi, cette thèse de master simule et étudie quatre systèmes de quatre familles différentes de façades adaptatives à l’aide du logiciel EnergyPlus. D’autre part, trois stratégies de contrôle ont été choisies pour évaluer l’aspect dynamique de ce genre de système. Celles-ci sont basées sur le contrôle par les gains solaires, la température opérative et l’index d’éblouissement. L’étude porte sur l’évaluation des performances énergétiques et de conforts thermique et visuel. Outre cela, ces technologies sont comparées à un cas de base, fondé sur le cas 600 de BESTEST qui consiste en une simple pièce de bureau avec deux fenêtres. La localisation de la simulation est, quant à elle, fixée à Uccle, ville de la région de Bruxelles-capitale en Belgique. Finalement, une étude de sensibilité est effectuée afin de déterminer si des paramètres sont susceptibles de varier.
En comparant ces différentes technologies d’enveloppes intelligentes, il est démontré que les pare-soleils dynamiques et le vitrage électrochromique permettent d’économiser remarquablement la consommation d’énergie jusqu’à 31,3% comparé au cas de base. Ceux-ci agissent principalement sur la demande de refroidissement. Les façades double-peau ont un impact plus modeste sur la demande d’énergie. Néanmoins, elles permettent d’améliorer le confort thermique en diminuant les heures d’inconfort thermique jusqu’à 14,8% par rapport au cas de base. En réalité, le vitrage électrochromique et le pare-soleil dynamique n’influencent que très peu le confort thermique. De plus, cette étude met en évidence l’importance du choix de la stratégie de contrôle et du paramétrage. Cependant, les limitations du logiciel utilisé ont réduit l’étude du confort visuel aux cas de façade double-peau. Toujours est-il que ce type de façade peut réduire le rayonnement solaire non-désiré de plus de 35%.
En conclusion, cette thèse de master permet de déterminer les impacts des façades adaptatives transparentes sur les performances énergétiques et de confort dans les bâtiments de bureaux. En étudiant différentes familles, diverses stratégies de contrôle ainsi que plusieurs domaines d’impact, une vue globale de leur potentiel est possible et peut aider dans le choix de façade intelligente.

Building performance --- Smart building --- Dynamic envelop --- Adaptive façade --- Simulation --- Thermal comfort --- Energy consumption --- Visual Comfort --- EnergyPlus --- Electrochromic --- Dynamic shading --- Double-skin façade --- BESTEST --- Performance énergétique --- Bâtiment intelligent --- Façade adaptative --- Enveloppe dynamique --- Confort thermique --- Confort visuel --- Consommation d'énergie --- Electrochromique --- Pare-soleil automatisé --- Double-peau --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Architecture