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Amicus curiae participation in international courts is steadily growing since the late 1990 despite lack of clarity on the concept's nature, function and utility in international dispute settlement. Does amicus curiae infuse international judicial proceedings with alternative views, including the public interest in a case, as often advocated by NGOs? Does it increase the legitimacy and transparency of international dispute settlement, or the coherence of international law? Or is it an unhelpful impostor that impedes negotiated solutions and derails the proceedings at the expense of the parties to advance its own agenda? By way of an empirical-comparative analysis of the laws and practices of the ICJ, the ITLOS, the ECtHR, the IACtHR, the IACtHPR, WTO panels and the Appellate Body, and investment arbitration the dissertation examines the status quo of amicus curiae before international courts and tribunals to determine if the current amicus curiae practice is of added value to international proceedings and international dispute settlement in general. The dissertation shows that there is no common concept of international amicus curiae, but that amicus curiae before the international courts examined share a few characteristics. A proposed functional systematization highlights overlaps and diverging uses of the concept before international courts and helps scholars and practitioners to assess the opportunities and limits of the concept. Analysis of the concept's current regulatory framework and its substantive effectiveness reveals a hesitation in particular by courts with a strong adversarial tradition to take into account the views of a non-party despite the positive experience with the concept in regional human rights courts. The dissertation concludes that neither the expectations nor the concerns attached to amicus curiae participation in international proceedings have materialized. It argues that the concept can contribute to improved decisions and decision-making in international dispute settlement if regulated and used properly.

Amici curiae. --- International courts --- International tribunals --- Tribunals, International --- Courts --- Jurisdiction (International law) --- Amici curiae --- Friends of the court --- Parties to actions --- Law and legislation --- Law --- General

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Rosicrucianism --- enlightenment --- the grail --- the Rose-Cross --- John Dee --- Central Europe --- Michael maier --- Tycho Brahe --- Johannes Kepler --- Rudolf II --- the Prague Hermetic Renaissance --- Michael Sendivogius --- Comenius --- the Court of Cromwell

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Franklin, -- 18th cent -- Letters of Franklin on the conduct of the executive and the treaty negociated by the chief justice of the United States with the court of Great-Britain --- Great Britain -- Treaties, etc -- United States, -- 1794 Nov. 19

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Amici curiae --- Legislators --- Congressmen --- Congresswomen --- Members of Congress (United States) --- Members of Congress (United States House of Representatives) --- Members of Congress (United States Senate) --- Representatives in Congress (United States) --- Senators (United States) --- Friends of the court --- Parties to actions --- Law and legislation --- United States. --- Supreme Court (U.S.) --- Chief Justice of the United States --- Supreme Court of the United States --- 美國. --- Membership. --- Amicus curiae

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Starting from the end of the Middle Ages and throughout the early modern era, there was a vast diffusion of the letter form, developed in the chancelleries of European courts and among elites according to canons that blended the rhetoric and chancery tradition with humanistic knowledge. The epistolary style suits the transmission of information and political decisions as well as a frequent exchange of everyday life news, revealing, at both public and private levels, a web of interpersonal relationships and, along with it, evidence of feelings that create ‘emotional communities’ to which, in many of the cases examined here, individuals looking for social recognition belong.

History of education --- Educational: History --- History of education, Europe XIV-XVIII centuries --- History of childhood, Europe XIV-XVIII centuries --- History of the family, Europe XIV-XVIII centuries --- Epistolary exchanges --- Educational strategies during the Ancien Régime --- Pedagogical practices for the élites --- Educational devices in the court society --- The ages of life and the construction of social roles --- Epistolary novels --- History of educational historiography