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This short handbook detail the tax reforms made in Nigeria 2004-2011.

Income tax --- Tax system. --- Taxation --- Taxation.

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Everyone knows that the current tax system is unfair. Some of the richest people in America pay no tax, while a huge share of the tax burden falls on the rest of us. A mere glance at the tax code confirms that it is far too complex, with volumes of rules that no ordinary person could possibly comprehend. What is to be done? Some conservatives have called for a so-called flat tax. But a flat tax is not necessarily a simple tax, and "flat" means "more" for most taxpayers: a rise in middle-class taxes to finance tax cuts for the rich. Is there another choice? In clear, easy-to-understand language, Edward J. McCaffery proposes a straightforward and fair alternative. A "fair not flat" tax that is consistent and progressive would tax spending, not income and savings. And if it were collected at its lower levels through a national sales tax, most people would not have to file a return. A supplemental tax on spending for the wealthiest individuals would make the national sales tax progressive. Under McCaffery's system, a family of four would pay no tax on their first

Income tax --- Spendings tax --- Taxation --- Income tax. --- Spendings tax. --- Taxation. --- Business. --- E-books --- taxation, economics, taxes, current tax system, united states of america, american politics, usa, progressive policy, nation, national, sales, supplemental, percentages, returns, changes, proposal, social values, government, governance, politicians, spendings, class teamwork, political science, law, complexity, complicated, new ideas.

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This paper measures the size of automatic fiscal revenue stabilizers and evaluates their role in Latin America. It introduces a relatively rich tax structure into a dynamic, stochastic, multi-sector small open economy inhabited by rule-of-thumb consumers (who consume their wages and do not save or borrow) and Ricardian households to study the stabilizing properties of different parameters of the tax code. The economy faces multiple sources of business cycle fluctuations: (1) world capital market shocks; (2) world business cycle shocks; (3) terms of trade shocks; (4) government spending shocks; and (5) nontradable and (6) tradable sector technology innovations. Calibrating the model economy to a typical Latin American economy allows the evaluation of its ability to mimic the region's observed business cycle frequency properties and the assessment of the quantitative relationship between tax code parameters, business cycle forcing variables, and business cycle behavior. The model captures many of the salient features of Latin America's business cycle facts and finds that the degree of smoothing provided by the automatic revenue stabilizers-described by various properties of the tax system-is negligible. Simulation results seem to suggest an invariance property for middle-income countries: the amplitude of the business cycle is independent of the tax structure. And government size-measured by the GDP ratio of government spending-plays the role of an automatic stabilizer, but its smoothing effect is very weak.

Bank Policy --- Business cycle --- Capital market --- Currencies and Exchange Rates --- Debt Markets --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Fiscal policy --- Government spending --- Macroeconomic volatility --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Open economy --- Private Sector Development --- Tax --- Tax code --- Tax system --- Taxation and Subsidies

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There has been substantial research in recent years examining the regional evolution of economic growth across states in Mexico - with a particular focus on the post North American Free Trade Agreement period. There is also a vast literature using cross-country regressions to examine institutional determinants of economic growth, including government transparency, or "corruption," as a key institutional variable. This paper uses more recently available data for Mexican states to both update the general state convergence/divergence literature, and incorporate into the analysis more recently developed state level indicators of institutional factors related to government transparency. The authors do not find a systematic relationship between measures of government transparency and gross domestic product per capita growth in Mexico during 2001-2005; however, they do find that corruption is negatively associated with the level of state gross domestic product per capita. The contrasting results may imply that more years of data are necessary to be able to establish statistically significant relationships between state growth rates and measures of corruption.

Achieving Shared Growth --- Bribery --- Bureaucracy --- Corrupt Officials --- Corruption --- Corruption variable --- Country data --- Economic development --- Economic growth --- Economic performance --- Economic Theory & Research --- Good governance --- Governance --- Governance Indicators --- Growth rate --- Growth rates --- Income --- Institutional environment --- International level --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Political Economy --- Poverty Reduction --- Property rights --- Public Sector Corruption & Anticorruption Measures --- Public Sector Development --- Tax system --- Transparency --- Veto power

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Income inequality in Latin America ranks among the highest in the world. It can be traced back to the unequal distribution of assets (especially land and education) in the region. But the extent to which asset inequality translates into income inequality depends on the redistributive capacity of the state. This paper documents the performance of Latin American fiscal systems from the perspective of income redistribution using newly-available information on the incidence of taxes and transfers across the region. The findings indicate that: (i) the differences in income inequality before taxes and transfers between Latin America and Western Europe are much more modest than those after taxes and transfers; (ii) the key reason is that, in contrast with industrial countries, in most Latin American countries the fiscal system is of little help in reducing income inequality; and (iii) in countries where fiscal redistribution is significant, it is achieved mostly through transfers rather than taxes. These facts stress the need for fiscal reforms across the region to further the goal of social equity. However, different countries need to place different relative emphasis on raising tax collection, restructuring the tax system, and improving the targeting of expenditures.

Debt Markets --- Economic Theory and Research --- Effective tax rates --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Indirect taxation --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poverty Impact Evaluation --- Poverty Reduction --- Private Sector Development --- Tax --- Tax collection --- Tax incidence --- Tax rate --- Tax rates --- Tax revenue --- Tax revenues --- Tax system --- Taxation and Subsidies