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Drug–drug interactions (DDIs) cause a drug to affect other drugs, leading to reduced drug efficacy or increased toxicity of the affected drug. Some well-known interactions are known to be the cause of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) that are life threatening to the patient. Traditionally, DDI have been evaluated around the selective action of drugs on specific CYP enzymes. The interaction of drugs with CYP remains very important in drug interactions but, recently, other important mechanisms have also been studied as contributing to drug interaction including transport- or UDP-glucuronyltransferase as a Phase II reaction-mediated DDI. In addition, novel mechanisms of regulating DDIs can also be suggested. In the case of the substance targeted for interaction, not only the DDIs but also the herb–drug or food–drug interactions have been reported to be clinically relevant in terms of adverse side effects. Reporting examples of drug interactions on a marketed drug or studies on new mechanisms will be very helpful for preventing the side effects of the patient taking these drugs. This Special Issue aims to highlight current progress in understanding both the clinical and nonclinical interactions of commercial drugs and the elucidation of the mechanisms of drug interactions.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- tadalafil --- ticagrelor --- drug-drug interaction --- pharmacokinetics --- plasma concentration --- CYP3A4 --- Loxoprofen --- CYP3A --- Dexamethasone --- Ketoconazole --- CYP2D6 --- O-desmethyltramadol --- physiologically-based pharmacokinetics --- tramadol --- (‒)-sophoranone --- CYP2C9 --- potent inhibition --- in vitro --- in vivo --- drug interaction --- low permeability --- high plasma protein binding --- biflavonoid --- cytochrome P450 --- drug interactions --- selamariscina A --- uridine 5′-diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase --- tissue-specific --- systemic exposure --- P-glycoprotein (P-gp) --- organic anion transporting polypeptide 1A2 (OATP1A2) --- Rumex acetosa --- fexofenadine --- chronic kidney disease --- drug–drug interactions --- polypharmacy --- adverse drug reactions --- Lexicomp --- subset analysis --- signal detection algorithms --- spontaneous reporting systems --- mechanism-based inhibition --- competitive inhibition --- non-competitive inhibition --- substrate --- inhibitor --- cytochromes P450 --- OATP1B1 --- OATP1B3 --- tyrosine kinase inhibitors --- drug-drug interactions --- migraine --- lasmiditan --- gepants --- monoclonal antibodies --- CYP1A1 --- CYP1A2 --- drug–drug interaction --- expression --- metabolism --- regulation --- drug transporter --- ubiquitination --- ixazomib --- DDI --- computational prediction --- in silico --- QSAR --- drug metabolism --- ADME --- CYP --- metabolic DDI --- P450 --- 1A2 --- 2B6 --- 2C19 --- 2C8 --- 2C9 --- 2D6 --- 3A4

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Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is one of the most successful polymers used for producing therapeutic devices, such as drug carriers (DC). PLGA is one of the few polymers that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved for human administration due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability. In recent years, DC produced with PLGA has gained enormous attention for its versatility in transporting different type of drugs, e.g., hydrophilic or hydrophobic small molecules, or macromolecules with a controlled drug release without modifying the physiochemical properties of the drugs. These drug delivery systems have the possibility/potential to modify their surface properties with functional groups, peptides, or other coatings to improve the interactions with biological materials. Furthermore, they present the possibility to be conjugated with specific target molecules to reach specific tissues or cells. They are also used for different therapeutic applications, such as in vaccinations, cancer treatment, neurological disorder treatment, and as anti-inflammatory agents. This book aims to focus on the recent progress of PLGA as a drug carrier and their new pharmaceutical applications.

Medicine --- PLGA --- nanoscaled drug delivery --- LED --- cancer --- serum stability --- reactive oxygen species --- cellular uptake --- terahertz spectroscopy --- microspheres --- drug delivery --- formulation development --- molecular mobility --- vitamin E --- tocopherol --- PLA --- core-shell nanoparticles --- controlled drug release --- BMP-2 --- PLGA nanoparticles --- Pluronic F68 --- oxaliplatin --- hydrogel --- intra-abdominal anti-adhesion barrier --- colorectal cancer --- experimental design --- fractional factorial design --- O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) protein --- glioblastoma multiforme --- smart nanocarriers --- folic acid --- verteporfin --- cisplatin --- SKOV-3 cells --- CHO-K1 cells --- electroporation --- theranostic cargo --- double emulsion approach --- NSAIDs --- polymeric film --- topical drug delivery --- trolamine salicylate --- triamcinolone acetonide --- microcrystal --- PLGA microsphere --- local delivery --- spray-drying technique --- intra-articular injection --- joint retention --- systemic exposure --- gadolinium --- drug release --- polymeric nanocarrier --- sorafenib --- theranostic nanoparticles --- PLGA-PEG --- nanoparticles --- platelet --- activation --- aggregation --- binding --- uptake --- tissue engineering --- Huntington’s disease --- siRNA --- microcarriers --- mesenchymal stromal cells --- drug delivery systems --- microfluidics --- microparticles --- BMP-2-microspheres --- hydrogel system --- 17-βestradiol release --- bone regeneration --- osteoporosis --- poly-lactide-co-glycolide --- polylactic acid --- alginate --- ophthalmic drug delivery --- dexamethasone --- PLGA-NPs --- nanomedicine --- gastrointestinal tract --- paclitaxel --- in vivo imaging --- controlled release --- risperidone --- microcapsules --- oleogels --- electron microscopy --- three-dimensional X-ray imaging --- nano-CT --- biodegradable polymers --- hydroxy-stearic acid --- PLGA nanocapsules --- magnetic resonance imaging --- photoluminescence --- magnetic targeting --- multimodal imaging --- theranostics --- silicon --- microsphere --- n/a --- Huntington's disease