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In the research on environmental hydraulics, its turbulence, and its sediment transport, constant challenges have been faced. The complexity of hydraulic impacts on sediment transport and turbulent flow properties makes research in this area a difficult task. However, due to pressure from climate change and the mounting issue of pollution, environmental flow studies are more crucial than ever. Bedforming within rivers is a complex process that can be influenced by the hydraulics, vegetated field, and various suspended and bedload transports. Changes in flow conditions due to rain and flood can further complicate a hydraulic system. To date, the turbulence, morphologic, and bedforming characteristics of natural environmental flows are still not well understood. This book aims to bring together a collection of state-of-the-art research and technologies to form a useful guide for the related research and engineering communities. It may be useful for authorities, researchers, and environmental, civil, and water engineers to understand the current state-of-the-art practices in environmental flow modelling, measurement, and management. It may also be a good resource for research, post-, or undergraduate students who wish to know about the most up-to-date knowledge in this field.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- ADV --- bed-mounted horizontal cylinder --- gravel-bed --- sand-bed --- turbulence --- wake region --- floating structure --- hydrodynamic moment --- finite flowing water --- physical model tests --- statistical diagnosis --- bridge pier --- flat and eroded bed --- flow field --- velocity profile measurements --- wave --- current --- sediment --- maintenance dredging --- Nagan Raya --- unsaturated soil --- stability --- consolidation --- self-preservation in wall-wake --- circular pipe --- velocity deficit --- RSS deficit --- turbulence intensities deficit --- third-order correlations --- suspended sediment concentration --- dilute-hyper concentration --- Rouse number --- velocity lag --- bursting phenomena --- ADV --- bed-mounted horizontal cylinder --- gravel-bed --- sand-bed --- turbulence --- wake region --- floating structure --- hydrodynamic moment --- finite flowing water --- physical model tests --- statistical diagnosis --- bridge pier --- flat and eroded bed --- flow field --- velocity profile measurements --- wave --- current --- sediment --- maintenance dredging --- Nagan Raya --- unsaturated soil --- stability --- consolidation --- self-preservation in wall-wake --- circular pipe --- velocity deficit --- RSS deficit --- turbulence intensities deficit --- third-order correlations --- suspended sediment concentration --- dilute-hyper concentration --- Rouse number --- velocity lag --- bursting phenomena

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This book presents five articles that are also part of a Special Issue titled: Modelling of River flows, Sediment and Contaminants Transport published in the Water Journal under the section: Water Erosion and Sediment Transport. It covers a wide range of topics, such as predicting the impacts of wildfires on sediment transport and water quality in a mountainous region and estimating the sediment erosion due to release of ice-jams in cold region rivers.

Congo River Basin --- Cuvette Centrale --- erosion --- sediment transport --- sediment balance --- SWAT --- dam area of reservoirs --- fine-grained sediment --- fluid mud --- gravity-driven flow --- reservoir sedimentation --- cohesive sediment --- water supply --- turbidity --- gravel bed river --- ingress --- watershed management --- source water protection --- climate change adaptation --- landscape disturbance --- aquatic life --- bank erosion --- bed shear --- ice jam --- sediment pulse --- suspended-sediment concentration --- water quality --- cohesive sediment transport --- modelling --- flocculation --- critical shear stress --- deposition --- river systems --- entrapment --- n/a

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In the research on environmental hydraulics, its turbulence, and its sediment transport, constant challenges have been faced. The complexity of hydraulic impacts on sediment transport and turbulent flow properties makes research in this area a difficult task. However, due to pressure from climate change and the mounting issue of pollution, environmental flow studies are more crucial than ever. Bedforming within rivers is a complex process that can be influenced by the hydraulics, vegetated field, and various suspended and bedload transports. Changes in flow conditions due to rain and flood can further complicate a hydraulic system. To date, the turbulence, morphologic, and bedforming characteristics of natural environmental flows are still not well understood. This book aims to bring together a collection of state-of-the-art research and technologies to form a useful guide for the related research and engineering communities. It may be useful for authorities, researchers, and environmental, civil, and water engineers to understand the current state-of-the-art practices in environmental flow modelling, measurement, and management. It may also be a good resource for research, post-, or undergraduate students who wish to know about the most up-to-date knowledge in this field.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- ADV --- bed-mounted horizontal cylinder --- gravel-bed --- sand-bed --- turbulence --- wake region --- floating structure --- hydrodynamic moment --- finite flowing water --- physical model tests --- statistical diagnosis --- bridge pier --- flat and eroded bed --- flow field --- velocity profile measurements --- wave --- current --- sediment --- maintenance dredging --- Nagan Raya --- unsaturated soil --- stability --- consolidation --- self-preservation in wall-wake --- circular pipe --- velocity deficit --- RSS deficit --- turbulence intensities deficit --- third-order correlations --- suspended sediment concentration --- dilute-hyper concentration --- Rouse number --- velocity lag --- bursting phenomena --- n/a

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The main focus of this Special Issue of Water is the state-of-the-art and recent research on turbulence and flow–sediment interactions in open-channel flows. Our knowledge of river hydraulics is deepening, thanks to both laboratory/field experiments related to the characteristics of turbulence and their link to erosion, transport, deposition, and local scouring phenomena. Collaboration among engineers, physicists, and other experts is increasing and furnishing new inter-/multidisciplinary perspectives to the research of river hydraulics and fluid mechanics. At the same time, the development of both sophisticated laboratory instrumentation and computing skills is giving rise to excellent experimental–numerical comparative studies. Thus, this Special Issue, with ten papers by researchers from many institutions around the world, aims at offering a modern panoramic view on all the above aspects to the vast audience of river researchers.

Technology: general issues --- wavelet coherency --- Taylor’s frozen turbulence hypothesis --- scale --- hairpin vortex packet --- open channel flow --- bridge pier --- horseshoe vortex --- Physical hydraulic modeling --- quadrant analysis --- Scour and Velocity field --- hydraulics --- turbulent flow --- wall-wake flow --- dunal bedform --- horizontal cylinder --- turbulence structures --- scour --- velocity field --- turbulence --- equilibrium scour depth --- new scaling of scour depth --- ejections --- turbulence interactions --- gravel beds --- sediment transport --- surface and subsurface flows --- river hydrodynamics --- ADCP --- bedforms morphology --- river confluence --- Amazon River --- Yeongsan estuary --- freshwater discharge --- two-layer circulation --- Reynolds stress --- bottom turbulence --- suspended sediment concentration --- sediment kinematics --- entrainment --- disentrainment --- anisotropy --- rigid vegetation --- sediments --- local scouring --- erosion --- transport --- deposition --- open-channel flows --- laboratory experiments

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This Special Issue includes manuscripts about soil erosion and degradation processes and the accelerated rates due to hydrological processes and climate change. The new research included in this issue focuses on measurements, modeling, and experiments in field or laboratory conditions developed at different scales (pedon, hillslope, and catchment). This Special Issue received investigations from different parts of the world such as Ethiopia, Morocco, China, Iran, Italy, Portugal, Greece, and Spain, among others. We are happy to see that all papers presented findings characterized as unconventional, provocative, innovative, and methodologically new. We hope that the readers of the journal Water can enjoy and learn about hydrology and soil erosion using the published material, and share the results with the scientific community, policymakers, and stakeholders to continue this amazing adventure, facing plenty of issues and challenges.

soil --- natural resources --- modeling --- hybrid model --- Bastam watershed --- splash erosion --- environmental assessment --- soil erosion --- rainfall simulation --- loess landslide --- agricultural irrigation --- field investigation --- static liquefaction --- RUSLE --- soil erodibility --- gravel content --- Chaohu Lake Basin --- vineyards --- soil management --- tractor traffic --- hydrological properties --- erosion --- runoff --- hydraulic conductivity --- soil water conservation --- argan --- South Morocco --- soil degradation --- tree --- intertree --- Ethiopian highlands --- eucalyptus --- gully --- soil loss --- soil and water conservation practices --- gully erosion susceptibility --- GIS --- robustness --- MARS algorithm --- rainfall-runoff processes --- hillslope morphology --- surface flow --- roughness --- land degradation --- soil conservation --- remote sensing --- urbanization --- land-use --- suspended sediment concentration --- spatiotemporal variation --- hydrological processes --- different scales --- models --- experiments