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Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a research technique that was discovered in the mid-1970s. SERS is a powerful and fast tool for analysis, which has a high detection sensitivity for a great number of chemical and biological molecules. However, it is in this last decade that a very significant explosion of the fabrication of highly sensitive SERS substrates has occurred using novel designs of plasmonic nanostructures and novel fabrication techniques of the latter, as well as new plasmonic materials and hybrid nanomaterials. Thus, this Special Issue is dedicated to reporting on the latest advances in novel plasmonic nanomaterials that are applied to the SERS domain. These developments are illustrated through several articles and reviews written by researchers in this field from around the world.

pulsed laser ablation --- acetonitrile (CH3CN) --- Cu/gCN hybrids --- localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) --- surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) --- surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) --- silver aggregates --- laser-induced synthesis --- surface-enhanced Raman scattering --- hot spots --- SERS --- sensors --- plasmonics --- gold --- silicon --- surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) --- surface plasmon polariton (SPP) --- surface plasmon resonance (SPR) --- nanograting --- nanofabrication --- electron beam lithography --- zinc oxide --- metal oxides --- self-assembly --- bimetallic nanoparticles --- localized surface plasmon --- surface enhanced Raman scattering --- grating effect --- gold nanodisks --- Rayleigh anomaly --- n/a

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The rise of photonics technologies has driven an extremely fast evolution in biosensing applications. Such rapid progress has created a gap of understanding and insight capability in the general public about advanced sensing systems that have been made progressively available by these new technologies. Thus, there is currently a clear need for moving the meaning of some keywords, such as plasmonic, into the daily vocabulary of a general audience with a reasonable degree of education. The selection of the scientific works reported in this book is carefully balanced between reviews and research papers and has the purpose of presenting a set of applications and case studies sufficiently broad enough to enlighten the reader attention toward the great potential of plasmonic biosensing and the great impact that can be expected in the near future for supporting disease screening and stratification.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- gold nanorods --- silica coating --- localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) --- surface functionalization --- SPR biosensor --- enzyme --- laccase --- chlorophene --- emerging pollutant --- water sample --- plasmonic nanowires --- molecular sensing --- surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy --- porous alumina --- TREM2 sensors --- Alzheimer’s disease --- plasmonic interferometry --- optical biosensor --- surface plasmon resonance --- olfactory sensors --- electronic noses --- volatile organic compounds --- odorants --- SPR --- cell-based assay --- viral growth kinetics --- human coronavirus --- hydroxychloroquine --- protease --- caspase --- avidin-biotin interaction --- biosensors --- AuNPs --- metal–graphene hybrid --- simulations --- Mie theory --- African swine fever virus (ASFV) --- loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) --- surface plasmon resonance (SPR) --- fluorescence detection --- SERS analysis --- plasmonic metal nanoparticles --- hotspots --- hybrid materials

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Biopharmaceutical and pharmaceutical manufacturing are strongly influenced by the process analytical technology initiative (PAT) and quality by design (QbD) methodologies, which are designed to enhance the understanding of more integrated processes. The major aim of this effort can be summarized as developing a mechanistic understanding of a wide range of process steps, including the development of technologies to perform online measurements and real-time control and optimization. Furthermore, minimization of the number of empirical experiments and the model-assisted exploration of the process design space are targeted. Even if tremendous progress has been achieved so far, there is still work to be carried out in order to realize the full potential of the process systems engineering toolbox. Within this reprint, an overview of cutting-edge developments of process systems engineering for biopharmaceutical and pharmaceutical manufacturing processes is given, including model-based process design, Digital Twins, computer-aided process understanding, process development and optimization, and monitoring and control of bioprocesses. The biopharmaceutical processes addressed focus on the manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals, mainly by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, as well as adeno-associated virus production and generation of cell spheroids for cell therapies.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- clonal cell population --- phenotypic diversity --- inoculum train --- uncertainty-based --- cell culture model --- biopharmaceutical manufacturing --- Escherichia coli --- hybrid modeling --- machine learning --- model-assisted DoE --- quality by design --- upstream bioprocessing --- surface plasmon resonance (SPR) --- bioprocess --- monitoring --- biosensor --- quality by design (QbD) --- process analytical technology (PAT) --- biotherapeutics production --- vaccines production --- CHO DP-12 --- computational fluid dynamics --- bioreactor characterization --- hydrodynamic gradients --- process development --- critical shear stress --- Kolmogorov length scale --- operational space --- sensors --- cell culture --- spectroscopy --- PAT --- smart biomanufacturing --- soft-sensor --- Adeno-associated virus --- transfection --- PEI --- continuous --- gene therapy --- microcarriers --- bioreactor --- transient expression --- spheroid strength --- β-cells --- diabetes --- shear stress-guided production --- hydrodynamic stress --- Gaussian processes --- Bayes optimization --- Pareto optimization --- multi-objective --- seed train --- Chinese hamster ovary cells --- cryopreservation --- monoclonal antibodies --- N−1 perfusion --- process intensification --- upstream processing --- clonal cell population --- phenotypic diversity --- inoculum train --- uncertainty-based --- cell culture model --- biopharmaceutical manufacturing --- Escherichia coli --- hybrid modeling --- machine learning --- model-assisted DoE --- quality by design --- upstream bioprocessing --- surface plasmon resonance (SPR) --- bioprocess --- monitoring --- biosensor --- quality by design (QbD) --- process analytical technology (PAT) --- biotherapeutics production --- vaccines production --- CHO DP-12 --- computational fluid dynamics --- bioreactor characterization --- hydrodynamic gradients --- process development --- critical shear stress --- Kolmogorov length scale --- operational space --- sensors --- cell culture --- spectroscopy --- PAT --- smart biomanufacturing --- soft-sensor --- Adeno-associated virus --- transfection --- PEI --- continuous --- gene therapy --- microcarriers --- bioreactor --- transient expression --- spheroid strength --- β-cells --- diabetes --- shear stress-guided production --- hydrodynamic stress --- Gaussian processes --- Bayes optimization --- Pareto optimization --- multi-objective --- seed train --- Chinese hamster ovary cells --- cryopreservation --- monoclonal antibodies --- N−1 perfusion --- process intensification --- upstream processing

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Biopharmaceutical and pharmaceutical manufacturing are strongly influenced by the process analytical technology initiative (PAT) and quality by design (QbD) methodologies, which are designed to enhance the understanding of more integrated processes. The major aim of this effort can be summarized as developing a mechanistic understanding of a wide range of process steps, including the development of technologies to perform online measurements and real-time control and optimization. Furthermore, minimization of the number of empirical experiments and the model-assisted exploration of the process design space are targeted. Even if tremendous progress has been achieved so far, there is still work to be carried out in order to realize the full potential of the process systems engineering toolbox. Within this reprint, an overview of cutting-edge developments of process systems engineering for biopharmaceutical and pharmaceutical manufacturing processes is given, including model-based process design, Digital Twins, computer-aided process understanding, process development and optimization, and monitoring and control of bioprocesses. The biopharmaceutical processes addressed focus on the manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals, mainly by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, as well as adeno-associated virus production and generation of cell spheroids for cell therapies.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- clonal cell population --- phenotypic diversity --- inoculum train --- uncertainty-based --- cell culture model --- biopharmaceutical manufacturing --- Escherichia coli --- hybrid modeling --- machine learning --- model-assisted DoE --- quality by design --- upstream bioprocessing --- surface plasmon resonance (SPR) --- bioprocess --- monitoring --- biosensor --- quality by design (QbD) --- process analytical technology (PAT) --- biotherapeutics production --- vaccines production --- CHO DP-12 --- computational fluid dynamics --- bioreactor characterization --- hydrodynamic gradients --- process development --- critical shear stress --- Kolmogorov length scale --- operational space --- sensors --- cell culture --- spectroscopy --- PAT --- smart biomanufacturing --- soft-sensor --- Adeno-associated virus --- transfection --- PEI --- continuous --- gene therapy --- microcarriers --- bioreactor --- transient expression --- spheroid strength --- β-cells --- diabetes --- shear stress-guided production --- hydrodynamic stress --- Gaussian processes --- Bayes optimization --- Pareto optimization --- multi-objective --- seed train --- Chinese hamster ovary cells --- cryopreservation --- monoclonal antibodies --- N−1 perfusion --- process intensification --- upstream processing --- n/a

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The scope of this Special Issue is to collect some of the contributions to the First International Electronic Conference on Biosensors, which was held to bring together well-known experts currently working in biosensor technologies from around the globe, and to provide an online forum for presenting and discussing new results. The world of biosensors is definitively a versatile and universally applicable one, as demonstrated by the wide range of topics which were addressed at the Conference, such as: bioengineered and biomimetic receptors; microfluidics for biosensing; biosensors for emergency situations; nanotechnologies and nanomaterials for biosensors; intra- and extracellular biosensing; and advanced applications in clinical, environmental, food safety, and cultural heritage fields.

Research & information: general --- Chemistry --- Analytical chemistry --- Listeria monocytogenes --- cell-based biosensor --- bioelectric recognition assay --- membrane-engineering --- lateral flow immunoassay --- antibiotics --- lincomycin --- gold nanoparticles --- quantum dots --- surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy --- Fumonsin B1 --- aptamers --- UV/VIS spectroscopy --- asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation --- porous silicon membrane --- bacterial detection --- selective lysis --- endolysins --- lysostaphin --- flow-through --- vibrational spectra --- molecular dynamics --- nucleotides --- Au nanoparticle --- SERS --- space biology --- deep space --- biosensors --- space radiation --- microgravity --- CubeSats --- 2D Ti3C2 MXene --- PGE2 --- 8-HOA --- lung cancer --- electrochemical --- DNA biosensors --- KRAS --- liquid biopsy --- cancer point-of-care diagnostic tests --- paper-based sensors --- nitrocellulose --- impedance measurements --- dielectric properties --- parallel-plate electrodes --- interdigital electrodes --- Bacillus thuringiensis --- sensor --- combined slot antenna --- diabetes --- dielectric permeability --- electromagnetic fields --- glucose concentration --- near-field sensor --- non-invasive measurements --- microwave sounding --- chymotrypsin --- β-casein --- nanoparticles --- UV-vis spectroscopy --- dynamic light scattering --- quartz crystal microbalance --- biologically inspired --- electronic eye --- optical methods --- RGB analysis --- tequila --- molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) --- surface plasmon resonance (SPR) --- plastic optical fiber (POF) --- 2-furaldheide (2-FAL) --- beverages --- optical chemical sensors --- biosensor --- immunosensor --- cardiac troponin I --- single-strand DNA --- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy --- label-free --- proteins --- microfluidic chip --- self-assembled monolayers --- odor sensor --- market analysis --- technology assessment --- application field --- performance profile --- requirement profile --- biointelligence --- biological transformation --- temperature sensor --- Raman spectroscopy --- anti-Stokes/Stokes spectra --- titanium dioxide --- trypsin --- AuNPs --- acoustic wave biosensor --- colorimetric assay --- white light reflectance spectroscopy --- real-time immunosensor --- ELISA --- pesticides --- carbendazim --- fruit juices --- ECIS --- xCELLigence --- cellZscope --- hCMVEC --- endothelial cell --- impedance sensing --- light-addressable potentiometric sensor --- light-addressable electrode --- actuator-sensor system --- enzyme kinetics --- microfluidics --- HIV-1 p24 protein --- surface plasmon resonance --- surface modifications --- label-free detection --- artificial enzymes --- green synthesis --- hexacyanoferrates of transition and noble metals --- peroxidase mimetic --- amperometric (bio)sensor --- glucose oxidase --- glucose analysis --- electrocatalysis --- peroxynitrite --- flow injection analysis --- meat extracts --- myoglobin --- cobalt phthalocyanine --- electrochemical reduction --- screen-printed carbon electrode --- amperometric detection --- decay kinetics --- Listeria monocytogenes --- cell-based biosensor --- bioelectric recognition assay --- membrane-engineering --- lateral flow immunoassay --- antibiotics --- lincomycin --- gold nanoparticles --- quantum dots --- surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy --- Fumonsin B1 --- aptamers --- UV/VIS spectroscopy --- asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation --- porous silicon membrane --- bacterial detection --- selective lysis --- endolysins --- lysostaphin --- flow-through --- vibrational spectra --- molecular dynamics --- nucleotides --- Au nanoparticle --- SERS --- space biology --- deep space --- biosensors --- space radiation --- microgravity --- CubeSats --- 2D Ti3C2 MXene --- PGE2 --- 8-HOA --- lung cancer --- electrochemical --- DNA biosensors --- KRAS --- liquid biopsy --- cancer point-of-care diagnostic tests --- paper-based sensors --- nitrocellulose --- impedance measurements --- dielectric properties --- parallel-plate electrodes --- interdigital electrodes --- Bacillus thuringiensis --- sensor --- combined slot antenna --- diabetes --- dielectric permeability --- electromagnetic fields --- glucose concentration --- near-field sensor --- non-invasive measurements --- microwave sounding --- chymotrypsin --- β-casein --- nanoparticles --- UV-vis spectroscopy --- dynamic light scattering --- quartz crystal microbalance --- biologically inspired --- electronic eye --- optical methods --- RGB analysis --- tequila --- molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) --- surface plasmon resonance (SPR) --- plastic optical fiber (POF) --- 2-furaldheide (2-FAL) --- beverages --- optical chemical sensors --- biosensor --- immunosensor --- cardiac troponin I --- single-strand DNA --- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy --- label-free --- proteins --- microfluidic chip --- self-assembled monolayers --- odor sensor --- market analysis --- technology assessment --- application field --- performance profile --- requirement profile --- biointelligence --- biological transformation --- temperature sensor --- Raman spectroscopy --- anti-Stokes/Stokes spectra --- titanium dioxide --- trypsin --- AuNPs --- acoustic wave biosensor --- colorimetric assay --- white light reflectance spectroscopy --- real-time immunosensor --- ELISA --- pesticides --- carbendazim --- fruit juices --- ECIS --- xCELLigence --- cellZscope --- hCMVEC --- endothelial cell --- impedance sensing --- light-addressable potentiometric sensor --- light-addressable electrode --- actuator-sensor system --- enzyme kinetics --- microfluidics --- HIV-1 p24 protein --- surface plasmon resonance --- surface modifications --- label-free detection --- artificial enzymes --- green synthesis --- hexacyanoferrates of transition and noble metals --- peroxidase mimetic --- amperometric (bio)sensor --- glucose oxidase --- glucose analysis --- electrocatalysis --- peroxynitrite --- flow injection analysis --- meat extracts --- myoglobin --- cobalt phthalocyanine --- electrochemical reduction --- screen-printed carbon electrode --- amperometric detection --- decay kinetics