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Surface area --- Erosion. --- Erosion --- Silty soils

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Biophysics --- water --- Electrolytes --- Optical properties --- energy --- Radioisotopes --- X rays --- membranes --- Volume --- Surface area --- Forces moleculaires --- Acoustique

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There is currently no accurate and comprehensive model for the search of drowning victims in urban areas. Therefore, this thesis aims to contribute to the creation of such a model, by focusing on the calibration and validation of a wind tunnel experimental setup performed on a full-scale model. 
To achieve this, existing search for drowning persons models and their equations are analysed, fluid dynamics models applied to the human body are also reviewed, as well as papers on the position of a drowning person's body. This led to the identification of two essential parameters for such a model, which are the projected area and drag coefficient of a drifting body, and some ranges of values in which they should lie. 
To obtain results for the projected surface area parameter, several data acquisitions are made on a full-size dummy, using a laser scanning method and photogrammetry. Once these data collected, they allow the creation of a 3D digital model that can be adjusted according to the desired configuration in order to be adaptable to the experiments that will be carried out later. The projected surface of the dummy is calculated for a series of rotations along different axes in order to establish an initial database that can be used later. 
Then, the experimental setup for obtaining the drag coefficient values is establish in the wind tunnel on the full-scale model. This is carried out on the full-scale model after it was modified so that it can be placed as desired in the wind tunnel. The speed range is between 3.1 and 9.4 m/s with Reynolds numbers in a range between 9.3*10E5 and 3*10E6. 
This wind tunnel experiment provides a first estimation of the drag coefficient values of the full-scale model and these values are compared with other literature results obtained in wind tunnels in various fields such as cycling, skiing or skating. 
Finally, the prospects for improving the experimental set-up and the results obtained during the 3D digitisation will be discussed.

drowning --- drag coefficient --- projected surface area --- wind tunnel experiment --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Ingénierie civile

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"Differential Geometry from a Singularity Theory Viewpoint provides a new look at the fascinating and classical subject of the differential geometry of surfaces in Euclidean spaces. The book uses singularity theory to capture some key geometric features of surfaces. It describes the theory of contact and its link with the theory of caustics and wavefronts. It then uses the powerful techniques of these theories to deduce geometric information about surfaces embedded in 3, 4 and 5-dimensional Euclidean spaces. The book also includes recent work of the authors and their collaborators on the geometry of sub-manifolds in Minkowski spaces."--

Surfaces --- Singularities (Mathematics) --- Geometry, Differential. --- Curvature. --- Calculus --- Curves --- Differential geometry --- Geometry, Algebraic --- Surface area --- Areas and volumes.

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This book explains that diffusion, osmosis, dissolution, evaporation, and heat loss all preferentially affect small bodies due to their high surface/volume ratios. Because surface area increases as the square of length, but volume (and mass) increase as the cube, large objects have low surface/volume ratios and small objects have high surface/volume ratios. This simple physical constraint governs much of the physical world. It accounts for why the Earth has active volcanoes, but the Moon does not, why the human brain has numerous folds, why deciduous trees lose their leaves every Fall, and why nanoparticles of gold melt at surprisingly low temperatures. It is a phenomenon well known to every scientist, but this book is the first comprehensive treatment of this effect.

Engineering mathematics. --- Engineering—Data processing. --- Planetary science. --- Engineering geology. --- Mathematical and Computational Engineering Applications. --- Planetary Science. --- Geoengineering. --- Engineering --- Civil engineering --- Geology, Economic --- Planetary sciences --- Planetology --- Engineering analysis --- Mathematical analysis --- Geology --- Mathematics --- Surfaces --- Areas and volumes. --- Surface area --- Superfícies (Matemàtica)