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The myocardial cell. Structure, function and medification by cardiac drugs

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Glycosaminoglycans are linear, anionic polysaccharides (GAGs) consisting of repeating disaccharides. GAGs are ubiquitously localized throughout the extracellular matrix (ECM) and to the cell membranes of cells in all tissues. They are either conjugated to protein cores in the form of proteoglycans, e.g., chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS), heparin/heparan sulfate (Hep/HS) and keratan sulfate (KS), as well as non-sulfated hyaluronan (HA). By modulating biological signaling GAGs participate in the regulation of homeostasis and also participate in disease progression. The book, entitled “Exploring the multifaceted roles of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)—new advances and further challenges”, features original research and review articles. These articles cover several GAG-related timely topics in structural biology and imaging; morphogenesis, cancer, and other disease therapy and drug developments; tissue engineering; and metabolic engineering. This book also includes an article illustrating how metabolic engineering can be used to create the novel chondroitin-like polysaccharide.A prerequisite for communicating in any discipline and across disciplines is familiarity with the appropriate terminology. Several nomenclature rules exist in the field of biochemistry. The historical description of GAGs follows IUPAC and IUB nomenclature. New structural depictions such as the structural nomenclature for glycan and their translation into machine-readable formats have opened the route for cross-references with popular bioinformatics resources and further connections with other exciting “omics” fields.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- GAGs: --- Hyaluronic --- Acid, --- Heparan --- (Sulfate) --- Heparin, --- Heparosan --- Chondroitin --- Dermatan --- Keratan, --- GAGs --- like --- Peri --- and --- Extracellular --- Matrix --- Regulation --- &amp --- Biosynthesis --- of --- GAG --- Extraction --- Synthesis --- (chemical, --- metabolic --- engineering,...) --- Characterization --- sequence --- molecular --- weight, --- degree --- polymerization, --- 3D --- structures,....) --- structure/properties --- relationships --- oligosaccharides --- Glycobiology --- structure/function --- relationship --- Protein-GAG --- complexes --- in --- disease --- GAG-based --- biomaterials --- as --- nanocarriers --- GAGs: --- Hyaluronic --- Acid, --- Heparan --- (Sulfate) --- Heparin, --- Heparosan --- Chondroitin --- Dermatan --- Keratan, --- GAGs --- like --- Peri --- and --- Extracellular --- Matrix --- Regulation --- &amp --- Biosynthesis --- of --- GAG --- Extraction --- Synthesis --- (chemical, --- metabolic --- engineering,...) --- Characterization --- sequence --- molecular --- weight, --- degree --- polymerization, --- 3D --- structures,....) --- structure/properties --- relationships --- oligosaccharides --- Glycobiology --- structure/function --- relationship --- Protein-GAG --- complexes --- in --- disease --- GAG-based --- biomaterials --- as --- nanocarriers

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Glycosaminoglycans are linear, anionic polysaccharides (GAGs) consisting of repeating disaccharides. GAGs are ubiquitously localized throughout the extracellular matrix (ECM) and to the cell membranes of cells in all tissues. They are either conjugated to protein cores in the form of proteoglycans, e.g., chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS), heparin/heparan sulfate (Hep/HS) and keratan sulfate (KS), as well as non-sulfated hyaluronan (HA). By modulating biological signaling GAGs participate in the regulation of homeostasis and also participate in disease progression. The book, entitled “Exploring the multifaceted roles of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)—new advances and further challenges”, features original research and review articles. These articles cover several GAG-related timely topics in structural biology and imaging; morphogenesis, cancer, and other disease therapy and drug developments; tissue engineering; and metabolic engineering. This book also includes an article illustrating how metabolic engineering can be used to create the novel chondroitin-like polysaccharide.A prerequisite for communicating in any discipline and across disciplines is familiarity with the appropriate terminology. Several nomenclature rules exist in the field of biochemistry. The historical description of GAGs follows IUPAC and IUB nomenclature. New structural depictions such as the structural nomenclature for glycan and their translation into machine-readable formats have opened the route for cross-references with popular bioinformatics resources and further connections with other exciting “omics” fields.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- GAGs: --- Hyaluronic --- Acid, --- Heparan --- (Sulfate) --- Heparin, --- Heparosan --- Chondroitin --- Dermatan --- Keratan, --- GAGs --- like --- Peri --- and --- Extracellular --- Matrix --- Regulation --- &amp --- Biosynthesis --- of --- GAG --- Extraction --- Synthesis --- (chemical, --- metabolic --- engineering,...) --- Characterization --- sequence --- molecular --- weight, --- degree --- polymerization, --- 3D --- structures,....) --- structure/properties --- relationships --- oligosaccharides --- Glycobiology --- structure/function --- relationship --- Protein-GAG --- complexes --- in --- disease --- GAG-based --- biomaterials --- as --- nanocarriers

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Marine habitats are promising sources to identify novel organisms and compounds. A total of 70% of the planet’s surface is covered by ocean, and little is known about the biosphere within these habitats. In the last few years, numerous novel bioactive compounds or secondary metabolites from marine environments have been described. This is, and will be, a promising source of candidate compounds in pharma research and chemical biology. In recent years, a number of novel techniques have been introduced to the field and it has become easier to actually (bio-)prospect compounds such as enzyme inhibitors. Those novel compounds then need to be characterized and evaluated in comparison to well-known representatives. This Special Issue focuses on the description of novel enzyme inhibitors of marine origin, including bioprospecting, omic approaches, and structural and mechanistic aspects.

sponge Monanchora pulchra --- pentacyclic guanidine alkaloids --- GH36 α-galactosidase --- GH109 α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase --- slow-binding irreversible inhibitor --- monanchomycalin B --- monanhocidin A --- normonanhocidin A --- Alzheimer′s disease --- BACE1 --- acetylcholinesterase --- in silico docking --- phlorotannins --- Ulva intestinalis --- ACE inhibitory peptide --- optimization --- purification --- structural identification --- molecular docking --- secondary metabolites --- Mycosphaerella sp. --- asperchalasine --- α-glucosidase --- kinase inhibitors --- drug development --- marine natural products --- inhibitor --- macroalgae --- marine fish --- protease --- Ulva ohnoi --- functional annotation --- structure–function relation --- natural products --- bioactives --- enzyme inhibition --- inactivation --- marine bacteria --- marine fungi --- marine sponges

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Marine habitats are promising sources to identify novel organisms and compounds. A total of 70% of the planet’s surface is covered by ocean, and little is known about the biosphere within these habitats. In the last few years, numerous novel bioactive compounds or secondary metabolites from marine environments have been described. This is, and will be, a promising source of candidate compounds in pharma research and chemical biology. In recent years, a number of novel techniques have been introduced to the field and it has become easier to actually (bio-)prospect compounds such as enzyme inhibitors. Those novel compounds then need to be characterized and evaluated in comparison to well-known representatives. This Special Issue focuses on the description of novel enzyme inhibitors of marine origin, including bioprospecting, omic approaches, and structural and mechanistic aspects.

Research & information: general --- sponge Monanchora pulchra --- pentacyclic guanidine alkaloids --- GH36 α-galactosidase --- GH109 α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase --- slow-binding irreversible inhibitor --- monanchomycalin B --- monanhocidin A --- normonanhocidin A --- Alzheimer′s disease --- BACE1 --- acetylcholinesterase --- in silico docking --- phlorotannins --- Ulva intestinalis --- ACE inhibitory peptide --- optimization --- purification --- structural identification --- molecular docking --- secondary metabolites --- Mycosphaerella sp. --- asperchalasine --- α-glucosidase --- kinase inhibitors --- drug development --- marine natural products --- inhibitor --- macroalgae --- marine fish --- protease --- Ulva ohnoi --- functional annotation --- structure–function relation --- natural products --- bioactives --- enzyme inhibition --- inactivation --- marine bacteria --- marine fungi --- marine sponges --- sponge Monanchora pulchra --- pentacyclic guanidine alkaloids --- GH36 α-galactosidase --- GH109 α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase --- slow-binding irreversible inhibitor --- monanchomycalin B --- monanhocidin A --- normonanhocidin A --- Alzheimer′s disease --- BACE1 --- acetylcholinesterase --- in silico docking --- phlorotannins --- Ulva intestinalis --- ACE inhibitory peptide --- optimization --- purification --- structural identification --- molecular docking --- secondary metabolites --- Mycosphaerella sp. --- asperchalasine --- α-glucosidase --- kinase inhibitors --- drug development --- marine natural products --- inhibitor --- macroalgae --- marine fish --- protease --- Ulva ohnoi --- functional annotation --- structure–function relation --- natural products --- bioactives --- enzyme inhibition --- inactivation --- marine bacteria --- marine fungi --- marine sponges