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Until recently, a majority of the applications of X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning in plant sciences remained descriptive; some included a quantification of the plant materials when the root-soil isolation or branch-leaf separation was satisfactory; and a few involved the modeling of plant biology processes or the assessment of treatment or disease effects on plant biomass and structures during growth. In the last decade, repeated CT scanning of the same plants was reported in an increasing number of studies in which moderate doses of X-rays had been used. Besides the general objectives of Frontiers in Plant Science research topics, “Branching and Rooting Out with a CT Scanner” was proposed to meet specific objectives: (i) providing a non-technical update on knowledge about the application of CT scanning technology to plants, starting with the type of CT scanning data collected (CT images vs. CT numbers) and their processing in the graphical and numerical approaches; (ii) drawing the limits of the CT scanning approach, which because it is based on material density can distinguish materials with contrasting or moderately overlapping densities (e.g., branches vs. leaves, roots vs. non-organic soils) but not the others (e.g., roots vs. organic soils); (iii) explaining with a sufficient level of detail the main procedures used for graphical, quantitative and statistical analyses of plant CT scanning data, including fractal complexity measures and statistics appropriate for repeated plant CT scanning, in experiments where the research hypotheses are about biological processes such as light interception by canopies, root disease development and plant growth under stress conditions; (iv) comparing plant CT scanning with an alternative technology that applies to plants, such as the phenomics platforms which target leaf canopies; and (v) providing current and potential users of plant CT scanning with up-to-date information and exhaustive documentation, including clear perspectives and well-defined goals for the future, for them to be even more efficient or most efficient from start in their research work.

plant CT scanning data collection and analysis --- phytopathological and environmental stress applications --- plant imaging and phenotyping --- plant structural complexity and fractal geometry --- appropriate statistical methods for plant data --- Computed tomography (CT)

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Until recently, a majority of the applications of X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning in plant sciences remained descriptive; some included a quantification of the plant materials when the root-soil isolation or branch-leaf separation was satisfactory; and a few involved the modeling of plant biology processes or the assessment of treatment or disease effects on plant biomass and structures during growth. In the last decade, repeated CT scanning of the same plants was reported in an increasing number of studies in which moderate doses of X-rays had been used. Besides the general objectives of Frontiers in Plant Science research topics, “Branching and Rooting Out with a CT Scanner” was proposed to meet specific objectives: (i) providing a non-technical update on knowledge about the application of CT scanning technology to plants, starting with the type of CT scanning data collected (CT images vs. CT numbers) and their processing in the graphical and numerical approaches; (ii) drawing the limits of the CT scanning approach, which because it is based on material density can distinguish materials with contrasting or moderately overlapping densities (e.g., branches vs. leaves, roots vs. non-organic soils) but not the others (e.g., roots vs. organic soils); (iii) explaining with a sufficient level of detail the main procedures used for graphical, quantitative and statistical analyses of plant CT scanning data, including fractal complexity measures and statistics appropriate for repeated plant CT scanning, in experiments where the research hypotheses are about biological processes such as light interception by canopies, root disease development and plant growth under stress conditions; (iv) comparing plant CT scanning with an alternative technology that applies to plants, such as the phenomics platforms which target leaf canopies; and (v) providing current and potential users of plant CT scanning with up-to-date information and exhaustive documentation, including clear perspectives and well-defined goals for the future, for them to be even more efficient or most efficient from start in their research work.

plant CT scanning data collection and analysis --- phytopathological and environmental stress applications --- plant imaging and phenotyping --- plant structural complexity and fractal geometry --- appropriate statistical methods for plant data --- Computed tomography (CT)

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What are the causes and consequences of species diversity in forested ecosystems, and how is this species diversity being affected by rapid environmental and climatic change, movement of invertebrate and vertebrate herbivores into new biogeographic regions, and expanding human populations and associated shifts in land-use patterns? In this book, we explore these questions for assemblages of forest trees, shrubs, and understory herbs at spatial scales ranging from small plots to large forest dynamics plots, at temporal scales ranging from seasons to centuries, in both temperate and tropical regions, and across rural-to-urban gradients in land use.

gamma diversity --- tree species --- Climatic change --- individual species-area relationship --- woody species --- TILD --- trees --- Pseudotsuga menziesii --- windthrow --- precipitation --- species conservation --- spatial analysis --- codispersion analysis --- variation partitioning --- herbaceous perennial species --- northern hardwood forests --- climate change --- stand development --- potential habitats --- Smithsonian ForestGEO --- tree regeneration --- forest conversion --- Biodiversity Exploratories --- trunk breakage --- topography --- questionnaire survey --- mid-domain effect --- assemblage lineage diversity --- Salicaceae --- salvaging --- temperate forests --- Shannon diversity --- USDA Forest Service --- tree species diversity --- Bray-Curtis --- species-area relationship --- Ericaceae --- legacies --- Picea abies --- herbaceous layer --- spatial patterns --- mountains --- United States --- wind damage --- abundance --- Hubbard Brook --- elevational shifts --- uprooting --- species diversity --- evolutionary diversity --- Pinus sylvestris --- natural disturbance-based silviculture --- Vietnam --- diversity --- Maxent --- human footprint --- productivity --- China --- microarthropod --- phylogenetic diversity --- temperature --- household respondents --- succession --- biodiversity --- tornado --- salvage logging --- excess nitrogen --- climate --- forest management --- understory plant communities --- Simpson diversity --- species richness --- landscape scale --- structural complexity --- tropical evergreen mixed forest --- seasonal variations --- disturbance severity --- competition and facilitation --- canopy structure --- Fagus sylvatica

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Crystallography remains, for mineralogy, one of the main sources of information on natural crystalline substances. A description of mineral species shape is carried out according to the principles of geometric crystallography; the crystal structure of minerals is determined using X-ray crystallography techniques, and physical crystallography approaches allow one to evaluate various properties of minerals, etc. However, the reverse comparison should not be forgotten as well: the crystallography science, in its current form, was born in the course of mineralogical research, long before preparative chemistry received such extensive development. It is worth noting that, even today, investigations of crystallographic characteristics of minerals regularly open up new horizons in materials science, because the possibilities of nature (fascinating chemical diversity; great variation of thermodynamic parameters; and, of course, almost endless processing time) are still not available for reproduction in any of the world's laboratories. This Special Issue is devoted to mineralogical crystallography, the oldest branch of crystallographic science, and aims to combine important surveys covering topics indicated in the keywords below.

Research & information: general --- galenobismutite --- high pressure --- single-crystal X-ray synchrotron diffraction --- equation of state --- calcium ferrite structure type --- lone electron pair --- vaterite --- calcium carbonate --- polymorph --- precipitation --- synthesis --- carbonation --- pathogen crystallization --- biomimetic synthesis --- renal stone --- calcium oxalate --- apatite --- brushite --- struvite --- octocalcium phosphate --- whitlockite --- Escherichia coli --- Klebsiella pneumoniae --- Pseudomonas aeruginosa --- Staphylococcus aureus --- uranyl --- selenite --- selenate --- crystal structure --- topology --- structural complexity --- demesmaekerite --- guillemenite --- haynesite --- coesite --- high-temperature Raman --- FTIR spectrum --- single crystal structure --- isobaric Grüneisen parameters --- OH-stretching modes --- strontium oxalate --- solid solutions --- ionic substitutions --- weddellite --- whewellite --- X-ray powder diffraction --- scanning electron microscopy --- EDX spectroscopy --- hydroxy-hydrate --- sulfate --- cesium --- schoepite --- krasnoshteinite --- zeolite-like borate --- hydrous aluminum chloroborate --- new mineral --- microporous crystalline material --- evaporitic salt rock --- Verkhnekamskoe potassium salt deposit --- Perm Krai --- anatomy --- Cactaceae --- oxalate --- silica --- stem --- stanfieldite --- phosphate --- merrillite --- meteorite --- pallasite --- mesosiderite --- luminophore --- bioceramics --- powder diffraction --- Raman spectroscopy --- Kamchatka --- hot springs --- pyrite --- complexity of crystal habits --- Mars --- mineral --- crystallography --- crystal chemistry --- X-ray diffraction --- crystal growth --- mineral evolution

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One last comment concerns the fundamental contributions of Fourier analysis to quantum physics: Quantum mechanics and quantum field theory.

self-electrorefining --- hedyphane group --- structural combinatorics --- CuFe2O4 --- Kamchatka --- Raman --- El Dragón --- apatite supergroup --- borate --- ariegilatite --- oyonite --- Tuscany --- gahnite --- magnesioferrite --- Szklary pegmatite --- aurihydrargyrumite --- Au6Hg5 phase --- Trentino --- Peru --- Germany --- cerromojonite --- sulfosalt --- pyrometamorphism --- Bellerberg volcano --- manganese --- gold --- spinel supergroup --- selenium --- CuAl2O4 --- clinokurchatovite --- sharyginite --- Poland --- copper --- kurchatovite --- copper oxide --- antimony --- nabimusaite group --- laachite --- lead --- thermaerogenite --- intercalated hexagonal antiperovskite --- placer --- Lower Silesia --- Eldfell --- Tolbachik volcano --- structural complexity --- nöggerathite-(Ce) --- Val di Fiemme --- Oyon district --- sanidinite --- cuprospinel --- sulfate --- fumarole sublimate --- Cretaio --- polymorphism --- polytypism --- tiberiobardiite --- fiemmeite --- stacking faults --- CO3-group --- Hatrurim Complex --- least-action principle --- phosphorus --- Laacher See --- new oxalate mineral --- Japan --- verneite --- alkaline volcanic rock --- arsenic --- Raman spectroscopy --- single-crystal investigation --- Rusinovite --- Eifel --- Lima department --- Italy --- barioferrite --- configurational entropy --- Hekla --- mercury --- Bolivia --- parafiniukite --- aluminofluoride --- new mineral --- Shadil-Khokh volcano --- Vesuvius --- bournonite group --- Ehime --- calcium --- lillianite homologous series --- chalcophyllite group --- sou?ekite --- silicate --- pyrometamorphic rocks --- crystal structure --- zirconolite --- bismuth