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This paper analyzes Burundi's medium-term fiscal sustainability in the light of the country's vulnerability to various shocks. Earlier studies have highlighted the country's vulnerability to exogenous shocks related to commodity exports, rain-fed agriculture, and volatile foreign aid. Internally, uncertainty about the implementation of the government's fiscal reforms is a key risk. The earlier studies, however, did not quantify the size and impact of the risks on the country's fiscal sustainability. Drawing initially on the standard inter-temporal sustainability framework, the baseline analysis shows that Burundi's ongoing fiscal policy strategy is not sustainable, even with a gradually improving external environment and relatively strong growth. Stochastic simulations show that adverse shocks to rainfall or coffee prices could increase the country's debt-to-gross domestic product ratio by 5 to 7 percentage points above the projected baseline ratio. Aid shocks could have an even larger impact but the estimates are less statistically reliable because of the short time series and because historical volatility in part reflects endogenous shocks (such as reform implementation) as well as exogenous shocks (donors' behavior). The policy scenario analysis shows that future fiscal sustainability will hinge on the government's ability to stick to its plans to broaden the tax base, streamline generous tax incentives and exemptions, and control civil service wages and short-run expenditure pressures-risks that need to be monitored closely over the political cycle in the country.

Access to Finance --- Agriculture --- Aid --- Coffee --- Debt --- Debt Markets --- Deficits --- Economic Theory & Research --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Fiscal Policy --- Fiscal Risk --- Fiscal Sustainability --- Foreign Aid --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Public Finances --- Public Sector Development --- Rainfall --- Stochastic Simulation --- Tax

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The importance of evapotranspiration is well-established in different disciplines such as hydrology, agronomy, climatology, and other geosciences. Reliable estimates of evapotranspiration are also vital to develop criteria for in-season irrigation management, water resource allocation, long-term estimates of water supply, demand and use, design and management of water resources infrastructure, and evaluation of the effect of land use and management changes on the water balance. The objective of this Special Issue is to define and discuss several ET terms, including potential, reference, and actual (crop) ET, and present a wide spectrum of innovative research papers and case studies.

evapotranspiration --- machine learning --- local --- spatial --- subhumid climate --- agricultural drought --- drought characteristics --- evapotranspiration deficit index --- parameter sensitivity --- temporal scale sensitivity --- water stress anomaly --- interception --- linear storage model --- evaporation --- cover crop --- water balance --- faba bean --- GK2A/AMI --- artificial neural network --- Korean Peninsula --- CWSI --- UAV --- remote sensing --- micrometeorological data --- spatial IRT measurements --- crop irrigation scheduling and management --- infrared radiometer sensors --- real-time data analysis --- water reservoir --- regression --- observed data --- ERA5-Land data --- R language --- precipitation --- drought --- Mann–Kendall --- trend analysis --- actual evapotranspiration --- potential evapotranspiration --- reference evapotranspiration --- evaporation paradox --- global dimming --- wind stilling --- forest fires --- groundwater --- stochastic simulation --- marginal structure --- long-range dependence --- Hurst–Kolmogorov dynamics --- RASPOTION --- parametric model --- hydrological calibration --- evapotranspiration estimation --- urban rain gardens --- lysimeters --- evapotranspiration models --- n/a --- Mann-Kendall --- Hurst-Kolmogorov dynamics

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This special issue provides a collection of 15 papers with modern theories and applications for circular economy, engineering projects, entrepreneurship models, and investor decisions. After the commencing review on Occupational Health and Safety Management-Systems Standards, follow papers which can be classified into four categories which cover the overall scope of special issue. The first category includes papers regarding the micro-level of circular economy. This means case studies in firm-level which implement different techniques to achieve sustainable development and circular economy goals. The findings reveal interesting achievements which are associated with cultural characteristics of the countries these case studies have been conducted. The second category of papers refers to the meso-level of circular economy where firms cooperate with each other by exchanging byproducts and organizing common operational procedures and routines to address environmental problems. The findings suggest assessment information technology tools to support industrial symbiosis among European firms. The next body of literature encompasses macro-level where circular economy techniques are implemented at a country level. Findings suggest methodologies for implementing and tracking circular economy in cities. Finally, a number of papers are included that focus on advanced engineering techniques. These techniques are useful tools for achieving circular economy and sustainability.

optimal project profitability --- social capital --- risk assessment --- Life cycle assessment (LCA) --- corporate philanthropy --- Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition --- steel production --- adaptation --- Value-at-Risk --- construction delay --- sustainable economy --- Project Definition Rating Index --- circular city --- piping construction --- transport planning --- rule-based systems --- resource competition --- traffic congestion --- smart governance --- Management Standards --- value of travel time savings --- climate change --- Fuzzy TOPSIS --- manufacturing firms --- construction safety --- action theory --- sustainable city --- SME --- stochastic simulation --- Theory of Inventive Problem Solving --- indicators --- sustainability --- urbanization --- prefabrication housing production --- pollution impact --- sustainable development --- cost prediction of substation project --- buffer management --- circular economy --- drivers --- Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) --- smart city --- CCPM --- research and innovation projects --- probabilistic alternative approach --- Industrial symbiosis --- cost benefit analysis --- investments --- solar thermal collectors --- Support Vector Machines --- social network --- emergy analysis --- IT tools --- China --- sources of funding --- Cuckoo Search --- strategic management --- photovoltaics --- material procurement management --- PRAT method --- PERT/CPM --- fuzzy logic --- renewable energy systems --- carbon footprint --- transport project evaluation --- framework --- planning and control --- political connections --- critical success factors --- information transfer --- social network centrality --- resource consumption

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This Book is a Printed Edition of the Special Issue which covers sustainability as an emerging requirement in the fields of construction management, project management and engineering. We invited authors to submit their theoretical or experimental research articles that address the challenges and opportunities for sustainable construction in all its facets, including technical topics and specific operational or procedural solutions, as well as strategic approaches aimed at the project, company or industry level. Central to developments are smart technologies and sophisticated decision-making mechanisms that augment sustainable outcomes. The Special Issue was received with great interest by the research community and attracted a high number of submissions. The selection process sought to balance the inclusion of a broad representative spread of topics against research quality, with editors and reviewers settling on thirty-three articles for publication. The Editors invite all participating researchers and those interested in sustainable construction engineering and management to read the summary of the Special Issue and of course to access the full-text articles provided in the Book for deeper analyses.

building information modeling --- project owner --- attitude --- behavior --- technology acceptance model --- BIM --- information model --- bridge --- maintenance --- management system --- Public–private partnership (PPP) --- risk identification --- risk relationship --- triangular fuzzy number --- ISM --- MICMAC --- data collection system --- worker’s smartphone --- concrete temperature monitoring --- high-rise building construction --- sustainable roles --- LEED --- contractors --- Vietnam --- bridge deterioration --- prediction model --- semi-Markov process --- Weibull-distribution --- condition rating --- sustainable construction project management (SCPM) --- sustainable performance evaluation --- set pair analysis --- informatization --- greenization --- Guangzhou metro --- China --- time management --- delay management --- mitigation strategy --- owner perspective --- contractor perspective --- power construction project --- Tanzania --- knowledge transfer --- safety behavior --- safety management --- construction site --- structural equation modeling (SEM) --- building information modeling (BIM) --- building performance assessment (BPA) --- key performance indicators (KPIs) --- facility management (FM) --- operation and maintenance (O&amp --- M) --- operating room (OR) --- defects liability period --- risk matrix --- residential buildings --- loss distribution approach --- decision tree --- analytic hierarchy process --- dynamic programming --- sustainable investment --- project participants’ behaviour --- roof installation projects --- modular construction --- rework --- integrated design process --- dependency structure matrix (DSM) --- process optimization --- sustainability --- green building --- delay sources --- risk management --- random forest-genetic algorithm --- computer aid --- construction project --- bridge construction --- risk analysis --- loss assessment model --- third-party damage --- insurance --- sensitivity analysis --- uncertainty modelling --- load action --- resistance --- limit states --- stochastic simulation --- failure probability --- structural reliability --- correlations --- linguistic action indicators --- last planner system --- linguistic action perspective --- resource-dependent activity relationship --- scheduling --- scheduling software --- Microsoft Excel Visual Basic for Applications (MS Excel VBA) --- rework causes --- SWARA method --- time --- project success --- building projects --- sustainable construction --- value management --- exploratory factor analysis --- construction management --- green building materials (GBMs) --- building industry --- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) --- construction industry --- MCDM --- COPRAS method --- real case study --- enterprise competitiveness --- organizational flexibility --- organizational innovation --- modernization of construction industry --- structural equation modeling --- natural language processing --- construction data management --- machine learning --- thermal insulation --- multi criteria analysis --- SALSA --- buildings --- Renovation Wave --- sustainable highway construction --- sustainability indicators --- triangular intuitionistic fuzzy --- multi-criteria decision-making --- entropy measure --- risk attitudes --- organizational learning --- fly ash --- geopolymer --- environment --- sustainable --- construction --- public private partnership --- critical success factors --- fuzzy synthetic evaluation --- project governance --- maintenance, repair, and rehabilitation (MR&amp --- R) --- inspection --- optimization --- infrastructure --- decision making --- life cycle assessment --- materials --- greenhouse --- digital transformation --- digital technology --- strategy --- change management --- project assessment --- sustainability criteria --- construction projects --- decision robustness --- risk process --- project management --- IDEF0 --- risk system implementation --- design --- smart technologies --- decision-making methods

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The inability of forecasters to predict accurately the 1990-1991 recession emphasizes the need for better ways for charting the course of the economy. In this volume, leading economists examine forecasting techniques developed over the past ten years, compare their performance to traditional econometric models, and discuss new methods for forecasting and time series analysis.

Business cycles --- Economic forecasting --- Economic indicators --- Congresses. --- Congresses --- United States --- Economic conditions --- Trade cycles --- E-books --- Economic cycles --- Economic fluctuations --- Cycles --- Business indicators --- Indicators, Business --- Indicators, Economic --- Leading indicators --- Economic history --- Quality of life --- Index numbers (Economics) --- Social indicators --- U.S.A. --- Jungtinės Amerikos valstybės --- Soedinennye Shtaty Si︠e︡vernoĭ Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Severnoĭ Ameriki --- Si︠e︡vero-Amerikanskīe Soedinennye Shtaty --- Severo-Amerikanskie Soedinennye Shtaty --- Zlucheni Derz︠h︡avy --- USA --- US --- Arhab --- Ar. ha-B. --- Artsot ha-Berit --- ولايات المتحدة الامريكية --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amirīkīyah --- ABSh --- Amerika Birlăshmish Shtatlary --- ABŞ --- Amerika Birlăşmi Ştatları --- Forente stater --- Spojené staty americké --- Severo-Amerikanskie Shtaty --- Sjedinjene Američke Države --- Zʹi︠e︡dnani Derz︠h︡avy Ameryky --- Amerikai Egyesült Államok --- Yhdysvallat --- Verenigde Staten --- Egyesült Államok --- Hiwsisayin Amerikayi Miatsʻeal Tērutʻiwnkʻ --- Estados Unidos de América --- United States of America --- Fareyniḳṭe Shṭaṭn --- Artzois Ha'bris --- Estados Unidos da América do Norte --- SShA --- Soedinennye Shtaty Ameriki --- VSA --- États-Unis d'Amérique --- Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika --- Stati Uniti d'America --- Estados Unidos --- EE.UU. --- Stany Zjednoczone --- ĒPA --- Amerika Qūrama Shtattary --- Amerika Qŭshma Shtatlari --- SAD --- Saharat ʻAmērikā --- Hēnomenai Politeiai Amerikēs --- ZSA --- Mei-kuo --- Meiguo --- Mei guo --- ZDA --- Združene države Amerike --- U.S. --- America (Republic) --- Amirika Carékat --- Verenigde State van Amerika --- VS --- ولايات المتحدة --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah --- ولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amrīkīyah --- Estatos Unitos --- Estatos Unitos d'America --- Ètats-Unis d'Amèrica --- Estaos Xuníos d'América --- Estaos Xuníos --- Tetã peteĩ reko Amérikagua --- Istadus Unidus --- Amerika Birlăşmiş Ştatları --- Amerika ka Kelenyalen Jamanaw --- Bí-kok --- Amerika Qushma Shtattary --- AQSh --- Злучаныя Штаты Амерыкі --- Zluchanyi︠a︡ Shtaty Ameryki --- Yunaeted Stet blong Amerika --- Yunaeted Stet --- Vaeinigte Staatn --- Vaeinigte Staatn vo Amerika --- Stadoù-Unanet Amerika --- Sŭedineni amerikanski shtati --- САЩ --- SASht --- Съединените щати --- Sŭedinenite shtati --- Америка (Republic) --- Amerika (Republic) --- Estats Units d'Amèrica --- Америкӑри Пӗрлешӳллӗ Штатсем --- Amerikări Pĕrleshu̇llĕ Shtatsem --- Stati Uniti --- SUA (Stati Uniti d'America) --- Unol Daleithiau America --- Unol Daleithiau --- Amerikas Forenede Stater --- Vereinigte Staaten --- Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí --- Zjadnośone staty Ameriki --- Ameerika Ühendriigid --- Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες της Αμερικής --- Hēnōmenes Politeies tēs Amerikēs --- Η.Π.Α. --- Ē.P.A. --- Usono --- Unuiĝintaj Ŝtatoj de Ameriko --- Американь Вейтьсэндявкс Штаттнэ --- Amerikanʹ Veĭtʹsėndi︠a︡vks Shtattnė --- Ameriketako Estatu Batuak --- Feriene Steaten --- Feriene Steaten fan Amearika --- FS --- Stâts Unîts di Americhe --- Stâts Unîts --- Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá --- Steatyn Unnaneysit America --- Steatyn Unnaneysit --- S.U.A. --- Na Stàitean Aonaichte --- NSA --- Mî-koet --- 미국 --- Miguk --- Amerikayi Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Американь Вейтьсэндявкс Штаттнэ --- Spojené obce severoamerické --- États-Unis --- É.-U. --- ÉU --- recession, economics, economy, finances, financial, money, economists, forecasting, congress, indicators, indications, business, businesses, united states of america, american society, usa, conditions, government, governing, nber-asa quarterly economic outlook surveys, recessions, prediction, looking ahead, event probabilities, stochastic simulation, macroeconometric models, dependence, cross sections, non-linearity. --- Cycle des affaires --- Cycles economiques --- Indicateurs economiques --- Prevision economique