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The first nonlinear optical effect was observed in the 19th century by John Kerr. Nonlinear optics, however, started to grow up only after the invention of the laser, when intense light sources became easily available. The seminal studies by Peter Franken and Nicolaas Bloembergen, in the 1960s, paved the way for the development of today’s nonlinear photonics, the field of research that encompasses all the studies, designs, and implementations of nonlinear optical devices that can be used for the generation, communication, and processing of information. This field has attracted significant attention, partly due to the great potential of exploiting the optical nonlinearities of new or advanced materials to induce new phenomena and achieve new functions. According to Clarivate Web of Science, almost 200,000 papers were published that refer to the topic “nonlinear optic*”. Over 36,000 papers were published in the last four years (2015–2018) with the same keyword, and over 17,000 used the keyword “nonlinear photonic*”. The present Special Issue of Micromachines aims at reviewing the current state of the art and presenting perspectives of further development. Fundamental and applicative aspects are considered, with special attention paid to hot topics that may lead to technological and scientific breakthroughs.

Technology: general issues --- GeSn --- quantum dot --- electric field --- intersubband nonlinear optics --- absorption coefficients --- refractive index changes --- pure state --- cascaded spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) --- numerical simulation --- transparent conductive oxide --- coherent perfect absorption --- epsilon-near-zero media --- light-with-light modulation --- refractive index change --- non-linear photonics --- optical fibers --- thermal poling --- numerical analysis --- extrinsic chirality --- second harmonic generation --- GaAs nanowires --- plasmonic coating --- second-harmonic generation --- waveguide --- AlGaAs --- optical frequency combs --- quadratic nonlinearity --- optical parametric oscillator --- modulation instability --- stimulated raman scattering --- fiber optics --- amplifiers --- lasers --- optical communication systems --- kerr nonlinearity --- whispering gallery mode --- optical resonators --- stimulated brillouin scattering --- optomechanical oscillations --- nonlinear optics --- stimulated Raman scattering --- microphotonics --- nanophotonics --- nonlinear waveguide --- optical microcavity --- photonics crystals --- nanocrystals --- optical resonances --- harmonic generation --- four-wave mixing --- optical switching --- sub-wavelength gratings --- Mie scattering --- Fano resonances --- guided-mode resonance --- terahertz --- nonlinear optical conversion --- complex optical systems --- adaptive imaging --- single-pixel imaging --- surface nonlinear photonics --- n/a

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The first nonlinear optical effect was observed in the 19th century by John Kerr. Nonlinear optics, however, started to grow up only after the invention of the laser, when intense light sources became easily available. The seminal studies by Peter Franken and Nicolaas Bloembergen, in the 1960s, paved the way for the development of today’s nonlinear photonics, the field of research that encompasses all the studies, designs, and implementations of nonlinear optical devices that can be used for the generation, communication, and processing of information. This field has attracted significant attention, partly due to the great potential of exploiting the optical nonlinearities of new or advanced materials to induce new phenomena and achieve new functions. According to Clarivate Web of Science, almost 200,000 papers were published that refer to the topic “nonlinear optic*”. Over 36,000 papers were published in the last four years (2015–2018) with the same keyword, and over 17,000 used the keyword “nonlinear photonic*”. The present Special Issue of Micromachines aims at reviewing the current state of the art and presenting perspectives of further development. Fundamental and applicative aspects are considered, with special attention paid to hot topics that may lead to technological and scientific breakthroughs.

Technology: general issues --- GeSn --- quantum dot --- electric field --- intersubband nonlinear optics --- absorption coefficients --- refractive index changes --- pure state --- cascaded spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) --- numerical simulation --- transparent conductive oxide --- coherent perfect absorption --- epsilon-near-zero media --- light-with-light modulation --- refractive index change --- non-linear photonics --- optical fibers --- thermal poling --- numerical analysis --- extrinsic chirality --- second harmonic generation --- GaAs nanowires --- plasmonic coating --- second-harmonic generation --- waveguide --- AlGaAs --- optical frequency combs --- quadratic nonlinearity --- optical parametric oscillator --- modulation instability --- stimulated raman scattering --- fiber optics --- amplifiers --- lasers --- optical communication systems --- kerr nonlinearity --- whispering gallery mode --- optical resonators --- stimulated brillouin scattering --- optomechanical oscillations --- nonlinear optics --- stimulated Raman scattering --- microphotonics --- nanophotonics --- nonlinear waveguide --- optical microcavity --- photonics crystals --- nanocrystals --- optical resonances --- harmonic generation --- four-wave mixing --- optical switching --- sub-wavelength gratings --- Mie scattering --- Fano resonances --- guided-mode resonance --- terahertz --- nonlinear optical conversion --- complex optical systems --- adaptive imaging --- single-pixel imaging --- surface nonlinear photonics

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This book is intended to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art in specialty photonic crystal fiber technology and its multiple applications, combined with an optimistic outlook to what lies ahead. It comprises six original research papers and one review from different leading research institutions worldwide.

stimulated Raman scattering --- hollow-core photonic crystal fibers --- fiber lasers --- gas lasers --- hollow-core photonic crystal fiber --- soliton --- photoionization --- dispersive wave --- chalcogenide glasses --- 3D printing --- mid-infrared fibers --- photonic crystal fibers --- photonic bandgap fiber --- resonance --- dispersion management --- supercontinuum generation --- photonic crystal fiber --- polarization modulation instability --- ANDi fiber --- liquid-filled PCF --- hollow core fiber --- optical waveguide design --- mid-infrared beam delivery --- hollow-core fiber --- fiber gas laser --- n/a

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Novel Specialty Optical Fibers and Applications focuses on the latest developments in specialty fiber technology and its applications. The aim of this reprint is to provide an overview of specialty optical fibers in terms of their technological developments and applications. Contributions include:1. Specialty fibers composed of special materials for new functionalities and applications in new spectral windows.2. Hollow-core fiber-based applications.3. Functionalized fibers.4. Structurally engineered fibers.5. Specialty fibers for distributed fiber sensors.6. Specialty fibers for communications.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- optical amplifiers --- doped fiber amplifiers --- near-infrared --- molecular gas spectroscopy --- photothermal spectroscopy --- heterodyne detection --- specialty fiber --- anti-resonant effect --- hollow structure --- sensing applications --- orbital angular momentum --- optical fiber --- fiber mode crosstalk --- vortex mode generator --- fiber optics --- plasmonic gratings --- nanodot --- light collection --- hollow-core fibers --- anti-resonant hollow-core fibers --- tapered fibers --- fiber gas lasers --- fiber end cap --- SiO2-Au-TiO2 heterostructure --- long-range surface plasmon resonance --- microstructured optical fiber --- fiber sensor --- photonic crystal fibers --- fiber lasers --- stimulated Raman scattering --- gas Raman lasers --- specialty fibers --- Brillouin optical time domain analysis --- BOTDA --- distributed fiber sensor --- photonic crystal fiber --- strain and temperature sensing --- liquid crystal --- dual-core photonic crystal fiber --- polarization beam splitter --- extinction ratio --- polarization filter --- surface plasmon resonance --- gold-coated --- crosstalk --- mid-infrared (mid-IR) --- chalcogenide glasses (ChGs) --- optical microfibers (MFs) --- supercontinuum (SC) --- molecular sensing --- Raman spectroscopy --- capillary-based hollow core fibers --- hollow core photonic crystal fiber --- detection --- distributed acoustic sensing --- DAS --- scattering enhancement fiber --- fiber-optic sensors --- few-mode fiber --- microfiber --- Mach–Zehnder interferometer --- critical wavelength --- multicore fiber --- fiber Bragg grating --- long period grating --- fiber grating sensors --- n/a --- Mach-Zehnder interferometer

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Novel Specialty Optical Fibers and Applications focuses on the latest developments in specialty fiber technology and its applications. The aim of this reprint is to provide an overview of specialty optical fibers in terms of their technological developments and applications. Contributions include:1. Specialty fibers composed of special materials for new functionalities and applications in new spectral windows.2. Hollow-core fiber-based applications.3. Functionalized fibers.4. Structurally engineered fibers.5. Specialty fibers for distributed fiber sensors.6. Specialty fibers for communications.

optical amplifiers --- doped fiber amplifiers --- near-infrared --- molecular gas spectroscopy --- photothermal spectroscopy --- heterodyne detection --- specialty fiber --- anti-resonant effect --- hollow structure --- sensing applications --- orbital angular momentum --- optical fiber --- fiber mode crosstalk --- vortex mode generator --- fiber optics --- plasmonic gratings --- nanodot --- light collection --- hollow-core fibers --- anti-resonant hollow-core fibers --- tapered fibers --- fiber gas lasers --- fiber end cap --- SiO2-Au-TiO2 heterostructure --- long-range surface plasmon resonance --- microstructured optical fiber --- fiber sensor --- photonic crystal fibers --- fiber lasers --- stimulated Raman scattering --- gas Raman lasers --- specialty fibers --- Brillouin optical time domain analysis --- BOTDA --- distributed fiber sensor --- photonic crystal fiber --- strain and temperature sensing --- liquid crystal --- dual-core photonic crystal fiber --- polarization beam splitter --- extinction ratio --- polarization filter --- surface plasmon resonance --- gold-coated --- crosstalk --- mid-infrared (mid-IR) --- chalcogenide glasses (ChGs) --- optical microfibers (MFs) --- supercontinuum (SC) --- molecular sensing --- Raman spectroscopy --- capillary-based hollow core fibers --- hollow core photonic crystal fiber --- detection --- distributed acoustic sensing --- DAS --- scattering enhancement fiber --- fiber-optic sensors --- few-mode fiber --- microfiber --- Mach–Zehnder interferometer --- critical wavelength --- multicore fiber --- fiber Bragg grating --- long period grating --- fiber grating sensors --- n/a --- Mach-Zehnder interferometer