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Stereotactic radiosurgery is a relatively recent radiation technique initially developed using a frame-based system in 1949 by a Swedish neurosurgeon, Lars Leksell, for lesions not amendable to surgical resection. Radiosurgery is founded on principles of extreme radiation dose escalation, afforded by precise dose delivery with millimeter accuracy. Building upon the success of frame-based radiosurgery techniques, which were limited to cranial tumors and invasive head-frame placement, advances in radiation delivery and image-guidance have lead to the development of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). SBRT allows for frameless delivery of dose distributions akin to frame-based cranial stereotactic radiosurgery to both cranial and extra-cranial sites and has emerged as a important treatment strategy for a variety of cancers from the cranium to prostate. Herein we highlight ongoing investigations for the clinical application of SBRT for a variety of primary and recurrence cancers aimed at examining the growing clinical evidence supporting emerging roles for SBRT in the ever growing oncologic armamentarium.

Stereotactic radiosurgery --- Gynecologic --- Central Nervous System --- Non small cell lung cancer --- head and neck --- stereotactic body radiation therapy --- Prostate --- Adrenal metastases

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Identification and development of cancer biomarkers and targets have greatly accelerated progress towards precision medicine in oncology. Studies of tumor biology have not only provided insights into the mechanisms underlying carcinogenesis, but also led to discovery of molecules that have been developed into cancer biomarkers and targets. Multi-platforms for molecular characterization of tumors using next-generation genomic sequencing, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and blood-based biopsies have greatly expanded the portfolio of potential biomarkers and targets. These cancer biomarkers have been developed for diagnosis, early detection, prognosis, and prediction of treatment response. The molecular targets have been exploited for anti-cancer therapy and delivery of therapeutic agents. This Special Issue of Biomedicines focuses on recent advances in the discovery, characterization, translation, and clinical application of cancer biomarkers and targets in malignant diseases of the digestive system. The goal is to stimulate basic and translational research and clinical collaboration in this exciting field with the hope of developing strategies for prevention and early detection/diagnosis of cancer in digestive organs, and improving therapeutic and psychosocial outcomes in patients with these malignant diseases.

n/a --- liver graft injury --- HFE --- neurokinin --- chemotherapy --- intestinal tumors --- therapeutic targets --- biliary tract carcinoma --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- clinical trial --- cell adhesion molecules --- colorectal cancer --- biomarkers --- phenotypic mosaics --- gastrointestinal oncology --- Asian Cancer Research Group (ACRG) --- biomarker --- psychosocial support --- precision therapy --- pancreatic carcinoma --- precision medicine --- Liver transplantation --- predictive biomarkers --- CD274 --- cholecystokinin --- The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) --- gastrin --- pembrolizumab --- immunotherapy --- gastrin-releasing peptide --- stereotactic body radiation therapy --- immunohistochemistry --- gastric carcinoma --- liver transplant --- CAM invasion assay --- intragraft gene expression profiles --- molecular profiling --- targeted therapy --- neurotensin --- intestinal disorder --- ramucirumab --- next-generation sequencing --- colorectal carcinoma --- tumor progenitor --- circulating tumor cells --- gastrointestinal malignancies --- bombesin --- trastuzumab --- somatostatin --- zebrafish --- G protein–coupled receptors --- G protein-coupled receptors