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information theoretic analysis --- multiplexing system --- HSI for biology --- point target detection --- digital elevation model --- neural networks --- oxygen saturation --- black polymers --- PZT --- blood detection --- multivariate analysis --- integral imaging --- hemispherical conical reflectance factor (HCRF) --- sprouting --- fluorescence --- multitemporal hyperspectral images --- plant phenotyping --- hyperspectral data mining and compression --- Raman --- medical imaging by HSI --- compressive detection --- stereo imaging --- image processing --- wound healing --- quality control --- lossless compression --- infrared hyperspectral imaging --- spectral tracking --- time series --- remote sensing --- diabetic foot ulcer --- classification --- Raman spectroscopy --- imaging --- fingerprints --- fusion --- wavelength selection --- Cramer–Rao lower bound --- three-dimensional imaging --- chemical imaging --- CS-MUSI --- total variation --- coastal dynamics --- forward observation model --- hyperspectral imaging --- fluorescence hyperspectral imaging --- age determination --- potatoes --- painting samples --- predictive coding --- hyperspectral --- video --- bi-directional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) --- optimal binary filters --- watercolours --- deep learning --- spectroscopy --- moving vehicle imaging --- sorting --- maximum likelihood --- multivariate data analysis --- interval partial least squares --- disease detection --- Raman hyperspectral imaging --- primordial leaf count --- machine learning --- spatial light modulators (SLM) --- Virginia Coast Reserve Long Term Ecological Research (VCR LTER) --- digital micromirror device (DMD) --- hyperspectral microscopy --- alternating direction method of multipliers --- statistical methods for HSI --- multiband image fusion --- digital light processor (DLP) --- linear mixture model --- retouching pigments --- liquid crystal --- principal component analysis --- Chemometrics --- compressive sensing --- PLSR --- Hyperspectral imaging

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“Smart Sensing Technologies for Agriculture” is a Special Issue of Sensors that includes 14 research papers on diverse topics about the measurement of physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of soil, plants, and animals related to modern farming practices.

History of engineering & technology --- moisture measurement --- Kalman filter --- model predictive control --- germination paper --- convolutional neural networks --- livestock --- lying posture --- standing posture --- Three-dimensional mapping --- quasi-3D inversion algorithm --- cation exchange capacity --- clay content --- sandy infertile soil --- optical micro-sensors --- crop protection --- precision agriculture --- infrared spectroscopy --- principal component analysis (PCA) --- partial least squares (PLS) --- droplet characterization --- apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) --- pH --- UAV --- boundary-line --- quantile regression --- law of minimum --- on-site detection --- ion-selective electrode (ISE) --- soil nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N) --- soil moisture --- sensor fusion --- transfer learning --- deep learning --- body dimensions --- point cloud --- Kd-network --- feature recognition --- FFPH --- non-contact measurement --- X-ray fluorescence --- spectroscopy --- soil nutrients --- proximal soil sensing --- soil testing --- laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy --- LIBS --- elemental composition --- broiler surface temperature extraction --- thermal image processing --- head region locating --- adaptive K-means --- ellipse fitting --- harvesting robot --- gripper --- segmentation --- cutting point detection --- soil --- soil electrical resistivity --- autonomous robot --- real-time measurement --- precision farming --- mapping --- precision weeding --- multispectral imaging --- kinetic stereo imaging --- plant detection --- yield estimation --- machine vision --- willow tree

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Agriculture requires technical solutions for increasing production while lessening environmental impact by reducing the application of agro-chemicals and increasing the use of environmentally friendly management practices. A benefit of this is the reduction of production costs. Sensor technologies produce tools to achieve the abovementioned goals. The explosive technological advances and developments in recent years have enormously facilitated the attainment of these objectives, removing many barriers for their implementation, including the reservations expressed by farmers. Precision agriculture and ‘smart farming’ are emerging areas where sensor-based technologies play an important role. Farmers, researchers, and technical manufacturers are joining their efforts to find efficient solutions, improvements in production, and reductions in costs. This book brings together recent research and developments concerning novel sensors and their applications in agriculture. Sensors in agriculture are based on the requirements of farmers, according to the farming operations that need to be addressed.

optical sensor --- spectral analysis --- response surface sampling --- sensor evaluation --- electromagnetic induction --- multivariate water quality parameters --- mandarin orange --- crop inspection platform --- SPA-MLR --- object tracking --- feature selection --- simultaneous measurement --- diseases --- genetic algorithms --- processing of sensed data --- electrochemical sensors --- thermal image --- ECa-directed soil sampling --- handheld --- recognition patterns --- salt concentration --- clover-grass --- bovine embedded hardware --- weed control --- soil --- field crops --- vineyard --- connected dominating set --- water depth sensors --- SS-OCT --- wheat --- striped stem-borer --- silage --- geostatistics --- detection --- NIR hyperspectral imaging --- electronic nose --- machine learning --- virtual organizations of agents --- packing density --- data validation and calibration --- dataset --- Wi-SUN --- temperature sensors --- geoinformatics --- gas sensor --- X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy --- vegetable oil --- photograph-grid method --- Vitis vinifera --- WSN distribution algorithms --- laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy --- irrigation --- quality assessment --- energy efficiency --- wireless sensor network (WSN) --- geo-information --- Fusarium --- texture features --- weeds --- discrimination --- big data --- soil moisture sensors --- meat spoilage --- land cover --- stereo imaging --- near infrared sensors --- biological sensing --- compound sensor --- pest management --- moisture --- plant localization --- heavy metal contamination --- artificial neural networks --- spectral pre-processing --- moisture content --- apparent soil electrical conductivity --- data fusion --- semi-arid regions --- smart irrigation --- back propagation model --- wireless sensor network --- energy balance --- light-beam --- fluorescent measurement --- agriculture --- precision agriculture --- deep learning --- spectroscopy --- hulled barely --- dielectric probe --- RPAS --- water supply network --- rice leaves --- mobile app --- gradient boosted machines --- hyperspectral camera --- one-class --- nitrogen --- LiDAR --- total carbon --- chemometrics analysis --- rice --- agricultural land --- on-line vis-NIR measurement --- CARS --- obstacle detection --- stratification --- neural networks --- regression estimator --- Kinect --- proximity sensing --- distributed systems --- pest --- noninvasive detection --- texture feature --- soil mapping --- classification --- soil salinity --- visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy --- germination --- computer vision --- hyperspectral imaging --- diffusion --- dielectric dispersion --- UAS --- random forests --- case studies --- total nitrogen --- thermal imaging --- cameras --- dry matter composition --- near-infrared --- salt tolerance --- deep convolutional neural networks --- soil type classification --- water management --- preprocessing methods --- wireless sensor networks (WSN) --- remote sensing image classification --- precision plant protection --- radar --- spatial variability --- GF-1 satellite --- plant disease --- naked barley --- leaf area index --- CIE-Lab --- change of support --- radiative transfer model --- 3D reconstruction --- plant phenotyping --- vine --- near infrared --- vegetation indices --- remote sensing --- greenhouse --- time-series data --- scattering --- sensor --- crop area --- speckle --- spatial data --- grapevine breeding --- wide field view --- partial least squares-discriminant analysis --- spiking --- area frame sampling --- chromium content --- machine-learning --- RGB-D sensor --- pest scouting --- PLS --- Capsicum annuum --- spatial-temporal model --- drying temperature --- boron tolerance --- ambient intelligence --- laser wavelength --- fuzzy logic --- dynamic weight --- landslide --- management zones --- real-time processing --- event detection --- crop monitoring --- apple shelf-life --- rice field monitoring --- wireless sensor --- birth sensor --- proximal sensor