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Stainless steels represent a quite interesting material family, both from a scientific and commercial point of view, following to their excellent combination in terms of strength and ductility together with corrosion resistance. Thanks to such properties, stainless steels have been indispensable for the technological progress during the last century and their annual consumption increased faster than other materials. They find application in all these fields requiring good corrosion resistance together with ability to be worked into complex geometries. Despite to their diffusion as a consolidated materials, many research fields are active regarding the possibility to increase stainless steels mechanical properties and corrosion resistance by grain refinement or by alloying by interstitial elements. At the same time innovations are coming from the manufacturing process of such a family of materials, also including the possibility to manufacture them starting from metals powder for 3D printing. The Special Issue scope embraces interdisciplinary work covering physical metallurgy and processes, reporting about experimental and theoretical progress concerning microstructural evolution during processing, microstructure-properties relations, applications including automotive, energy and structural.

reversion --- iron alloys --- reverted austenite --- n/a --- corrosion --- microstructure --- scatter index --- stainless steel --- electron backscattered diffraction --- supermartensitic stainless steel --- metastable austenitic stainless steel --- additive manufacturing --- fatigue --- mechanical spectroscopy --- stainless steel alloys --- 304L stainless steel --- non-metallic inclusions --- deformation --- connection --- nitriding --- non-metallic inclusion --- welding --- phase diagrams --- S–N curves --- surface treatments --- mechanical properties --- fatigue strength --- stainless-steel structure --- Hertz theory --- phase transformation --- prestrain --- high-speed steel --- Cr martensitic steel --- repair --- superduplex stainless steels --- historic timber structures --- cold rolling --- VOD refining --- borides --- annealing --- welded joints --- hot deformation --- Ca treatment --- reinforcement --- electrolytic extraction --- laser powder bed fusion --- point defects --- innovation --- high-boron steel --- duplex stainless steel --- secondary phases --- formation mechanism --- kinetics model --- duplex stainless steels --- simulations --- electric current --- intermetallics --- medical applications --- electrically assisted annealing --- grain size --- stainless steels --- structural dynamics --- finite element explicit analysis --- S-N curves

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The performance-based design of structures in fire is gaining growing interest as a rational alternative to the traditionally adopted prescriptive code approach. This interest has led to its introduction in different codes and standards around the world. Although engineers widely use performance-based methods to design structural components in earthquake engineering, the adoption of such methods in fire engineering is still very limited. This Special Issue addresses this shortcoming by providing engineers with the needed knowledge and recent research activities addressing performance-based design in structural fire engineering, including the use of hotspot analysis to estimate the magnitude of risk to people and property in urban areas; simulations of the evacuation of large crowds; and the identification of fire effects on concrete, steel, and special structures.

Research & information: general --- Mathematics & science --- fire incidence --- hotspot analysis --- KDE --- Getis-Ord Gi* --- IDW interpolation --- fire risk zones --- built-up areas --- temporal analysis --- sustainable development --- fire --- earthquake --- finite element analysis --- Abaqus --- multi hazard analysis --- Scoria aggregate concrete --- PP fiber --- high temperature --- stress-strain curve --- prefabricated cabin-type substation --- panel --- BP neural network --- thermal–mechanical coupling --- machine learning --- fire behavior --- impact of fires --- repeated impact --- ACI 544-2R --- high temperatures --- ECC --- impact ductility --- oil and gas facility --- offshore platform --- tanker --- steel structure --- bulkhead --- deck --- hydrocarbon fire mode --- fire-resistance limit --- fire protection --- design --- stadiums and arenas --- evacuation time --- safety --- Colosseum --- organizing evacuation --- computer simulation --- City University --- fire temperature --- opening factor --- compartment area --- thermal analysis --- natural fire --- concrete strength --- exposure duration --- maximum temperature --- heating rate --- cooling rate --- reinforced concrete --- columns --- standard fire --- cooling phase --- axial capacity --- temperature-stress history --- fire incidence --- hotspot analysis --- KDE --- Getis-Ord Gi* --- IDW interpolation --- fire risk zones --- built-up areas --- temporal analysis --- sustainable development --- fire --- earthquake --- finite element analysis --- Abaqus --- multi hazard analysis --- Scoria aggregate concrete --- PP fiber --- high temperature --- stress-strain curve --- prefabricated cabin-type substation --- panel --- BP neural network --- thermal–mechanical coupling --- machine learning --- fire behavior --- impact of fires --- repeated impact --- ACI 544-2R --- high temperatures --- ECC --- impact ductility --- oil and gas facility --- offshore platform --- tanker --- steel structure --- bulkhead --- deck --- hydrocarbon fire mode --- fire-resistance limit --- fire protection --- design --- stadiums and arenas --- evacuation time --- safety --- Colosseum --- organizing evacuation --- computer simulation --- City University --- fire temperature --- opening factor --- compartment area --- thermal analysis --- natural fire --- concrete strength --- exposure duration --- maximum temperature --- heating rate --- cooling rate --- reinforced concrete --- columns --- standard fire --- cooling phase --- axial capacity --- temperature-stress history

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This reprint provides an international forum for the presentation and discussion of the latest developments in structural-steel research and its applications. The topics of this reprint include the modelling, testing and practice of steel structures and steel-based composite structures. A total of 17 high-quality, original papers dealing with all aspects of steel-structures research, including modelling, testing, and construction research on material properties, components, assemblages, connection, and structural behaviors, are included for publication.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- shear dampers --- steel tube dampers --- low cycle cyclic load --- mechanical properties --- energy dissipation capacity --- data analysis --- artificial neural network (ANN) --- chemical composition of welds --- data augmentation technique --- bolted ball-cylinder joints --- FE analysis --- elevated temperature --- parametric study --- design methods --- steel plate wall --- diagonal stiffener --- torsional stiffness --- elastic buckling --- threshold stiffness --- digital twin --- Dijkstra algorithm --- prestressed steel structure --- material allocation --- intelligent planning --- construction management --- random forest --- influencing factors --- intelligent analysis --- offshore structure --- falling object collision --- similarity law --- scaled test --- finite element analysis --- fracture performance --- SBHS500 --- SM570 --- SM490 --- high strength steel --- notch --- reliability analysis --- ship local structure --- probabilistic simulation --- Kriging model --- Bayesian data fusion --- L-shaped column --- recycled aggregate concrete --- concrete-filled steel tube --- eccentric compression --- finite element model --- suspender --- steel arch bridge --- fatigue life --- overloaded rate --- finite element --- corrugated steel plate shear wall --- damage state --- repair state --- fragility function --- probabilistic assessment --- partially connected steel plate shear wall --- shear strength --- connectivity ratio --- finite element method --- design formula --- pipe-in-pipe system --- global buckling --- the sleeper-distributed buoyancy method --- active control --- pipeline design --- orthotropic steel deck --- crack propagation --- fatigue performance --- arch structure --- stability behavior --- spatial grid arch structure --- stability analysis --- initial imperfections --- nonlinear factors --- ultimate load-carrying capacity --- structural steel --- elevated temperatures --- cooling-down method --- cyclic performance --- skeleton curve --- ductile crack --- high-strength steel --- low-stress triaxiality --- modified N-VG model --- shear dampers --- steel tube dampers --- low cycle cyclic load --- mechanical properties --- energy dissipation capacity --- data analysis --- artificial neural network (ANN) --- chemical composition of welds --- data augmentation technique --- bolted ball-cylinder joints --- FE analysis --- elevated temperature --- parametric study --- design methods --- steel plate wall --- diagonal stiffener --- torsional stiffness --- elastic buckling --- threshold stiffness --- digital twin --- Dijkstra algorithm --- prestressed steel structure --- material allocation --- intelligent planning --- construction management --- random forest --- influencing factors --- intelligent analysis --- offshore structure --- falling object collision --- similarity law --- scaled test --- finite element analysis --- fracture performance --- SBHS500 --- SM570 --- SM490 --- high strength steel --- notch --- reliability analysis --- ship local structure --- probabilistic simulation --- Kriging model --- Bayesian data fusion --- L-shaped column --- recycled aggregate concrete --- concrete-filled steel tube --- eccentric compression --- finite element model --- suspender --- steel arch bridge --- fatigue life --- overloaded rate --- finite element --- corrugated steel plate shear wall --- damage state --- repair state --- fragility function --- probabilistic assessment --- partially connected steel plate shear wall --- shear strength --- connectivity ratio --- finite element method --- design formula --- pipe-in-pipe system --- global buckling --- the sleeper-distributed buoyancy method --- active control --- pipeline design --- orthotropic steel deck --- crack propagation --- fatigue performance --- arch structure --- stability behavior --- spatial grid arch structure --- stability analysis --- initial imperfections --- nonlinear factors --- ultimate load-carrying capacity --- structural steel --- elevated temperatures --- cooling-down method --- cyclic performance --- skeleton curve --- ductile crack --- high-strength steel --- low-stress triaxiality --- modified N-VG model

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In this Special Issue on symmetry, we mainly discuss the application of symmetry in various structural health monitoring. For example, considering the health monitoring of a known structure, by obtaining the static or dynamic response of the structure, using different signal processing methods, including some advanced filtering methods, to remove the influence of environmental noise, and extract structural feature parameters to determine the safety of the structure. These damage diagnosis methods can also be effectively applied to various types of infrastructure and mechanical equipment. For this reason, the vibration control of various structures and the knowledge of random structure dynamics should be considered, which will promote the rapid development of the structural health monitoring. Among them, signal extraction and evaluation methods are also worthy of study. The improvement of signal acquisition instruments and acquisition methods improves the accuracy of data. A good evaluation method will help to correctly understand the performance with different types of infrastructure and mechanical equipment.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- real-time hybrid simulation --- H∞ control --- time delay --- mixed sensitivity --- structural health monitoring --- deep learning --- data anomaly detection --- convolutional neural network --- time–frequency extraction --- micro inertial measurement unit (MIMU) --- variational mode decomposition (VMD) --- Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) --- frequency-domain integration approach (FDIA) --- torsion angle calculation --- offshore oil platform --- self-anchored suspension bridge --- cable clamp --- slippage --- force analysis --- high formwork --- ARMA --- BPNN --- stress trend prediction --- crack detection --- improved YOLOv4 --- concrete surface --- substructure shake table testing --- integration algorithm --- finite element method --- damper --- digital twin --- prestressed steel structure --- construction process --- safety assessment --- intelligent construction --- structural health monitoring (SHM) --- vibration --- frequency domain --- time domain --- time-frequency domain --- technical codes --- multiple square loops (MSL)-string --- seismic excitation --- dynamic response --- seismic pulse --- near and far field --- three-dimensional laser scanning --- surface flatness of initial support of tunnel --- curved surface fitting --- flatness calculation datum --- curvedcontinuous girder bridge --- collision response --- seismic mitigation --- pounding mitigation and unseating prevention --- heavy-duty vehicle --- road --- coupling model --- terrestrial laser scanning --- RGB --- genetic algorithm --- artificial neutral network

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This reprint provides an international forum for the presentation and discussion of the latest developments in structural-steel research and its applications. The topics of this reprint include the modelling, testing and practice of steel structures and steel-based composite structures. A total of 17 high-quality, original papers dealing with all aspects of steel-structures research, including modelling, testing, and construction research on material properties, components, assemblages, connection, and structural behaviors, are included for publication.

shear dampers --- steel tube dampers --- low cycle cyclic load --- mechanical properties --- energy dissipation capacity --- data analysis --- artificial neural network (ANN) --- chemical composition of welds --- data augmentation technique --- bolted ball-cylinder joints --- FE analysis --- elevated temperature --- parametric study --- design methods --- steel plate wall --- diagonal stiffener --- torsional stiffness --- elastic buckling --- threshold stiffness --- digital twin --- Dijkstra algorithm --- prestressed steel structure --- material allocation --- intelligent planning --- construction management --- random forest --- influencing factors --- intelligent analysis --- offshore structure --- falling object collision --- similarity law --- scaled test --- finite element analysis --- fracture performance --- SBHS500 --- SM570 --- SM490 --- high strength steel --- notch --- reliability analysis --- ship local structure --- probabilistic simulation --- Kriging model --- Bayesian data fusion --- L-shaped column --- recycled aggregate concrete --- concrete-filled steel tube --- eccentric compression --- finite element model --- suspender --- steel arch bridge --- fatigue life --- overloaded rate --- finite element --- corrugated steel plate shear wall --- damage state --- repair state --- fragility function --- probabilistic assessment --- partially connected steel plate shear wall --- shear strength --- connectivity ratio --- finite element method --- design formula --- pipe-in-pipe system --- global buckling --- the sleeper-distributed buoyancy method --- active control --- pipeline design --- orthotropic steel deck --- crack propagation --- fatigue performance --- arch structure --- stability behavior --- spatial grid arch structure --- stability analysis --- initial imperfections --- nonlinear factors --- ultimate load-carrying capacity --- structural steel --- elevated temperatures --- cooling-down method --- cyclic performance --- skeleton curve --- n/a --- ductile crack --- high-strength steel --- low-stress triaxiality --- modified N-VG model