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During the first half of the twentieth century, supporters of the eugenics movement offered an image of a racially transformed America by curtailing the reproduction of "unfit" members of society. Through institutionalization, compulsory sterilization, the restriction of immigration and marriages, and other methods, eugenicists promised to improve the population-a policy agenda that was embraced by many leading intellectuals and public figures. But Catholic activists and thinkers across the United States opposed many of these measures, asserting that "every man, even a lunatic, is an image of God, not a mere animal." In An Image of God, Sharon Leon examines the efforts of American Catholics to thwart eugenic policies, illuminating the ways in which Catholic thought transformed the public conversation about individual rights, the role of the state, and the intersections of race, community, and family. Through an examination of the broader questions raised in this debate, Leon casts new light on major issues that remain central in American political life today: the institution of marriage, the role of government, and the separation of church and state. This is essential reading in the history of religion, science, politics, and human rights.

Eugenics --- Religion and science --- Sterilization (Birth control) --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- History --- Religious aspects --- Catholic Church. --- Catholic Church --- eugenics, institutionalization, compulsory sterilization, immigration, marriage, gender, catholicism, religion, spirituality, christianity, state power, race, disability, community, family, public health, birth control, catholic church, history, reproduction, protest, nonfiction, mental illness, retardation, developmental delays, downs syndrome, bioethics, genetic engineering, biology, science.

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All groups tell stories about their beginnings. Such tales are oft-repeated, finely wrought, and usually much beloved. Among those institutions most in need of an impressive creation account is the state: it's one of the primary ways states attempt to legitimate themselves. But such founding narratives invite revisionist retellings that modify details of the story in ways that undercut, ironize, and even ridicule the state's ideal self-representation. Medieval accounts of how Norway was unified by its first king provide a lively, revealing, and wonderfully entertaining example of this process. Taking the story of how Harald Fairhair unified Norway in the ninth century as its central example, Bruce Lincoln illuminates the way a state's foundation story blurs the distinction between history and myth and how variant tellings of origin stories provide opportunities for dissidence and subversion as subtle-or not so subtle-modifications are introduced through details of character, incident, and plot structure. Lincoln reveals a pattern whereby texts written in Iceland were more critical and infinitely more subtle than those produced in Norway, reflecting the fact that the former had a dual audience: not just the Norwegian court, but also Icelanders of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, whose ancestors had fled from Harald and founded the only non-monarchic, indeed anti-monarchic, state in medieval Europe. Between History and Myth will appeal not only to specialists in Scandinavian literature and history but also to anyone interested in memory and narrative.

Harald --- Norway --- History --- harald fairhair, norway, founding narratives, state power, national identity, legitimacy, authority, government, nation, nonfiction, history, politics, self representation, unification, king, monarchy, dissidence, subversion, resistance, iceland, court, aristocracy, folklore, medieval, exile, audience, literature, scandinavia, memory, narrative, rognvald the powerful, snorri sturluson, ragnhild, dofri giant, halfdan black, ingjald wicked, revolution, kingdom.

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L'abbé de Saint-Pierre, connu pour son Projet de paix perpétuelle, a laissé un ensemble bien plus vaste et cohérent d'écrits politiques et moraux jusqu'alors dispersés et partiellement étudiés. Le présent ouvrage, exploitant systématiquement la totalité de l'oeuvre, en propose la complète réévaluation. Dès les premières décennies du XVIIIe siècle, Saint-Pierre promeut une harmonisation artificielle des intérêts, assurée par l'intervention politique et s'affirme, avant Bentham, comme l'un des premiers utilitaristes. Il imagine de substituer à la patrimonialisation, aux recommandations et clientèles qui structuraient la société de son temps et déterminaient l'exercice du pouvoir, une organisation rationnelle, méritocratique et dynamique. ll remplace les valeurs charismatiques fondant la perfection chrétienne ou la grandeur aristocratique par les objectifs de l'utilité et du bien public. Pour ce déiste conciliant moralité et religion, la recherche du salut par une piété active doit favoriser la justice et la bienfaisance. Selon lui, seul le pouvoir indivisible d'un monarque informé par des élites compétentes peut réaliser des réformes nécessaires au bonheur du plus grand nombre. Promoteur d'un État de bien-être imposé autoritairement, il représente, avant le plein essor de l'économie politique, des sciences camérales et de la doctrine des physiocrates, une dimension méconnue des Lumières politiques que cette étude entend souligner.---The Abbé de Saint-Pierre, best known for his Project for Perpetual Peace, in fact left a much larger and more coherent body of political and moral writing, but it has been only partially studied. This book, the first systematic exploration of his entire corpus, offers a complete re-evaluation of this important author's contributions to the Enlightenment. From the first decades of the 18th century, Saint-Pierre set forth a pioneering vision of politics as the harmonization of interests, anticipating Bentham as a utilitarian. He imagines replacing the system of inherited power and clientele networks which structured Old Regime society and determined the exercise of power under absolutism, with a rationalized, meritocratic and dynamic organization. He argued for the political values of social utility and public good to take the place of the Christian ideals of perfection and the aristocratic ideals of personal charisma. As a deist seeking to reconcile morality and religion, Saint-Pierre argued that the search for salvation through active piety must also promote social justice and beneficence -- and that only the indivisible power of a rationalized monarch, informed by competent elites, could carry out the reforms necessary to yield a government which would produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Saint-Pierre, thus, provided among the first arguments for an imposed welfare state, well before the sources more frequently associated with that idea -- political economists, cameralists and the physiocrats.

Monarchy. --- Executive power. --- Political science --- Kings and rulers --- Ministerial responsibility. --- Rule of law. --- Common good. --- Decision making. --- Duties. --- Saint-Pierre, Charles Irénée Castel de, --- Monarchie éclairée --- utilitarisme --- state power --- history of political thought --- early modern monarchy --- absolutism --- Lumières politiques --- Old Regime --- cameralism --- Enlightenment --- utilitarianism --- abbé de Saint-Pierre --- political economy --- Ancients v Moderns --- despotisme éclairé

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Israel's ability to maintain its control over a large indigenous Palestinian population, both citizens and subjects who have been living under occupation into the twenty-first century, well after the demise of colonialism, represents a challenge for scholars of surveillance and colonialism. While this success might be attributed to multiple factors, one key element is the nature of the policies of population management, surveillance and political control it has employed. This book traces the genesis of these policies, their evolution and implementation in the first two decades of Israel's existence. The book begins by discussing the reasons and circumstances which allowed 156,000 out of 900,000 Palestinians to stay in the territory on which Israel was established and the initial debates among Israeli leaders on how to manage this non-Jewish population which remained in Israel; a state that was established for Jews. The book traces and analyses the various aspects of the policy plans and principles which were fashioned to manage the Palestinians in all aspects of their lives: their spatial distribution, natural growth, identities and categories of affiliation, the content of their education and the various means which affect their consciousness, their political behaviour and economic activities. Moreover, these plans identified the bureaucratic structures and the legal edifice through which they were governed. The book details how these policies and principles were fashioned and the mindset of those who composed them: their outlooks, calculations and reasoning. Moreover, it explores the ways in which they morally justified their decisions and reflected on the consequences of their judgements. It also deals with the ways in which these policies were implemented and thus affected the everyday lives of the Palestinians.

Palestinian Arabs --- Social conditions. --- Civil rights --- Government policy --- Israel --- Politics and government. --- Jewish-Arab relations --- International relations. --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / International Relations / General. --- Society & Social Sciences --- History. --- Politics & government --- Arabs --- Arabs in Israel --- Israeli Arabs --- Israeli discourse. --- Military Government. --- Palestinian minority. --- Palestinian population. --- institutional frameworks. --- insular minorities. --- international community. --- legal frameworks. --- non-Jews. --- political control. --- political rights. --- state control. --- state educational policy. --- state power. --- surveillance techniques.

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Why did capitalism and colonialism arise in Europe and not elsewhere? Why were parliamentarian and democratic forms of government founded there? What factors led to Europe's unique position in shaping the world? Thoroughly researched and persuasively argued, Why Europe? tackles these classic questions with illuminating results. Michael Mitterauer traces the roots of Europe's singularity to the medieval era, specifically to developments in agriculture. While most historians have located the beginning of Europe's special path in the rise of state power in the modern era, Mitterauer establishes its origins in rye and oats. These new crops played a decisive role in remaking the European family, he contends, spurring the rise of individualism and softening the constraints of patriarchy. Mitterauer reaches these conclusions by comparing Europe with other cultures, especially China and the Islamic world, while surveying the most important characteristics of European society as they took shape from the decline of the Roman empire to the invention of the printing press. Along the way, Why Europe? offers up a dazzling series of novel hypotheses to explain the unique evolution of European culture.

Civilization, medieval. --- Civilization. --- European federation --- European federation. --- History. --- 476-1492. --- Europe --- Europe. --- History --- Civilization, Medieval. --- Civilization, Medieval --- Medieval civilization --- Middle Ages --- Civilization --- Chivalry --- Renaissance --- medieval, europe, capitalism, colonialism, government, democracy, parliament, agriculture, state power, individualism, patriarchy, rye, oats, crops, family, household, china, islam, religion, control, printing press, technology, science, innovation, fall of rome, antiquity, empire, manor, kinship, descent, inheritance, feudalism, estates, papal church, christendom, community, crusades, expansion, territory, war, communication, preaching, sermons, history, politics, nonfiction, civilizations.